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Chapter 15 Nonrenewable Energy

Chapter 15 Nonrenewable Energy. Case Study: A Brief History of Human Energy Use. Everything runs on energy Industrial revolution began 275 years ago, relied on wood, which led to deforestation Coal Petroleum products Natural gas All of these are nonrenewable energy resources.

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Chapter 15 Nonrenewable Energy

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  1. Chapter 15 Nonrenewable Energy

  2. Case Study: A Brief History of Human Energy Use • Everything runs on energy • Industrial revolution began 275 years ago, relied on wood, which led to deforestation • Coal • Petroleum products • Natural gas • All of these are nonrenewable energy resources

  3. Energy Use: World and United States Fig. 15-1, p. 370

  4. Nuclear power 6% Geothermal, solar, wind 1% Hydropower 3% Natural gas 21% RENEWABLE 15% Biomass 11% Coal 24% Oil 34% NONRENEWABLE 85% World Fig. 15-1, p. 370

  5. Nuclear power 8% Geothermal, solar, wind 1% Hydropower, 3% Natural gas 23% RENEWABLE 7% Coal 22% Biomass 3% Oil 40% NONRENEWABLE 93% United States Fig. 15-1, p. 370

  6. 15-1 What is Net Energy and Why Is It Important? • Concept 15-1 Net energy is the amount of high-quality energy available from an energy resource minus the amount of energy needed to make it available.

  7. Basic Science: Net Energy Is the Only Energy That Really Counts (1) • First law of thermodynamics: • It takes high-quality energy to get high-quality energy • Pumping oil from ground, refining it, transporting it • Second law of thermodynamics • Some high-quality energy is wasted at every step

  8. Basic Science: Net Energy Is the Only Energy That Really Counts (2) • Net energy • Total amount of useful energy available from a resource minus the energy needed to make the energy available to consumers • Business net profit: total money taken in minus all expenses • Net energy ratio: ratio of energy produced to energy used to produce it • Conventional oil: high net energy ratio

  9. It Takes Energy to Pump Petroleum Fig. 15-2, p. 372

  10. Net Energy Ratios Fig. 15-3, p. 373

  11. Space Heating Passive solar 5.8 Natural gas 4.9 Oil 4.5 Active solar 1.9 Coal gasification 1.5 Electric heating (coal-fired plant) 0.4 Electric heating (natural-gas-fired plant) 0.4 Electric heating (nuclear plant) 0.3 Fig. 15-3a, p. 373

  12. High-Temperature Industrial Heat 28.2 Surface-mined coal Underground- mined coal 25.8 Natural gas 4.9 4.7 Oil Coal gasification 1.5 Direct solar (concentrated) 0.9 Fig. 15-3b, p. 373

  13. Transportation Natural gas 4.9 Gasoline (refined crude oil) 4.1 Biofuel (ethanol) 1.9 Coal liquefaction 1.4 Oil shale 1.2 Fig. 15-3c, p. 373

  14. Energy Resources With Low/Negative Net Energy Yields Need Marketplace Help • Cannot compete in open markets with alternatives that have higher net energy yields • Need subsidies from taxpayers • Nuclear power as an example

  15. Reducing Energy Waste Improves Net Energy Yields and Can Save Money • 84% of all commercial energy used in the U.S. is wasted • 43% after accounting for second law of thermodynamics • Drive efficient cars, not gas guzzlers • Make buildings energy efficient

  16. 15-2 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Oil? • Concept 15-2A Conventional oil is currently abundant, has a high net energy yield, and is relatively inexpensive, but using it causes air and water pollution and releases greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. • Concept 15-2B Heavy oils from tar sand and oil shale exist in potentially large supplies but have low net energy yields and higher environmental impacts than conventional oil has.

  17. We Depend Heavily on Oil (1) • Petroleum, or crude oil: conventional, or light oil • Fossil fuels: crude oil and natural gas • Peak production: time after which production from a well declines • Global peak production for all world oil

  18. We Depend Heavily on Oil (2) • Oil extraction and refining • By boiling point temperature • Petrochemicals: • Products of oil distillation • Raw materials for industrial organic chemicals • Pesticides • Paints • Plastics

  19. Science: Refining Crude Oil Fig. 15-4, p. 375

  20. Lowest Boiling Point Gases Gasoline Aviation fuel Heating oil Diesel oil Naphtha Grease and wax Heated crude oil Asphalt Furnace Highest Boiling Point Fig. 15-4a, p. 375

  21. How Long Might Supplies of Conventional Crude Oil Last? (1) • Rapid increase since 1950 • Largest consumers in 2009 • United States, 23% • China, 8% • Japan, 6%

  22. How Long Might Supplies of Conventional Crude Oil Last? (2) • Proven oil reserves • Identified deposits that can be extracted profitably with current technology • Unproven reserves • Probable reserves: 50% chance of recovery • Possible reserves: 10-40% chance of recovery • Proven and unproven reserves will be 80% depleted sometime between 2050 and 2100

  23. World Oil Consumption, 1950-2009 Figure 1, Supplement 2

  24. History of the Age of Conventional Oil Figure 9, Supplement 9

  25. OPEC Controls Most of the World’s Oil Supplies (1) • 13 countries have at least 60% of the world’s crude oil reserves • Saudi Arabia: 20% • United States: 1.5% • Global oil production leveled off in 2005 • Oil production peaks and flow rates to consumers

  26. OPEC Controls Most of the World’s Oil Supplies (2) • Three caveats when evaluating future oil supplies • Potential reserves are not proven reserves • Must use net energy yield to evaluate potential of any oil deposit • Must take into account high global use of oil

  27. Crude Oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Fig. 15-5, p. 376

  28. The United States Uses Much More Oil Than It Produces • Produces 9% of the world’s oil and uses 23% of world’s oil • 1.5% of world’s proven oil reserves • Imports 52% of its oil • Should we look for more oil reserves? • Extremely difficult • Expensive and financially risky

  29. U.S. Energy Consumption by Fuel Figure 6, Supplement 9

  30. Proven and Unproven Reserves of Fossil Fuels in North America Figure 18, Supplement 8

  31. Conventional Oil Has Advantages and Disadvantages • Extraction, processing, and burning of nonrenewable oil and other fossil fuels • Advantages • Disadvantages

  32. Trade-Offs: Conventional Oil Fig. 15-6, p. 377

  33. Bird Covered with Oil from an Oil Spill in Brazilian Waters Fig. 15-7, p. 377

  34. Case Study: Heavy Oil from Tar Sand • Oil sand, tar sand containsbitumen • Canada and Venezuela: oil sands have more oil than in Saudi Arabia • Extraction • Serious environmental impact before strip-mining • Low net energy yield: Is it cost effective?

  35. Strip Mining for Tar Sands in Alberta Fig. 15-8, p. 378

  36. Will Heavy Oil from Oil Shales Be a Useful Resource? • Oil shales contain kerogen • After distillation: shale oil • 72% of the world’s reserve is in arid areas of western United States • Locked up in rock • Lack of water needed for extraction and processing • Low net energy yield

  37. Oil Shale Rock and the Shale Oil Extracted from It Fig. 15-9, p. 379

  38. Trade-Offs: Heavy Oils from Oil Shale and Oil Sand Fig. 15-10, p. 379

  39. 15-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Natural Gas? • Concept 15-3 Conventional natural gas is more plentiful than oil, has a high net energy yield and a fairly low cost, and has the lowest environmental impact of all fossil fuels.

  40. Natural Gas Is a Useful and Clean-Burning Fossil Fuel • Natural gas: mixture of gases • 50-90% is methane -- CH4 • Conventional natural gas • Pipelines • Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) • Liquefied natural gas (LNG) • Low net energy yield • Makes U.S. dependent upon unstable countries like Russia and Iran

  41. Natural Gas Burned Off at Deep Sea Oil Well Fig. 15-11, p. 380

  42. Is Unconventional Natural Gas the Answer? • Coal bed methane gas • In coal beds near the earth’s surface • In shale beds • High environmental impacts or extraction • Methane hydrate • Trapped in icy water • In permafrost environments • On ocean floor • Costs of extraction currently too high

  43. Trade-Offs: Conventional Natural Gas Fig. 15-12, p. 381

  44. Methane Hydrate Fig. 15-13, p. 381

  45. 15-4 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal? • Concept 15-4A Conventional coal is plentiful and has a high net energy yield and low cost, but it has a very high environmental impact. • Concept 15-4B Gaseous and liquid fuels produced from coal could be plentiful, but they have lower net energy yields and higher environmental impacts than conventional coal has.

  46. Coal Is a Plentiful but Dirty Fuel (1) • Coal: solid fossil fuel • Burned in power plants; generates 42% of the world’s electricity • Inefficient • Three largest coal-burning countries • China • United States • Canada

  47. Coal Is a Plentiful but Dirty Fuel (2) • World’s most abundant fossil fuel • U.S. has 28% of proven reserves • Environmental costs of burning coal • Severe air pollution • Sulfur released as SO2 • Large amount of soot • CO2 • Trace amounts of Hg and radioactive materials

  48. Stages in Coal Formation over Millions of Years Fig. 15-14, p. 382

  49. Increasing heat and carbon content Increasing moisture content Anthracite (hard coal) Lignite (brown coal) Peat (not a coal) Bituminous (soft coal) Heat Heat Heat Pressure Pressure Pressure Partially decayed plant matter in swamps and bogs; low heat content Low heat content; low sulfur content; limited supplies in most areas Extensively used as a fuel because of its high heat content and large supplies; normally has a high sulfur content Highly desirable fuel because of its high heat content and low sulfur content; supplies are limited in most areas Stepped Art Fig. 15-14, p. 382

  50. Science: Coal-Burning Power Plant Fig. 15-15, p. 382

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