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Cellular Energy

Cellular Energy. Chapter 6 & 7. Cellular Energy. All living things must be able to get and use energy. 2 Methods Autotrophic Makes their own food (carbohydrates) Photosynthesis Uses light to form bonds Chemosynthesis Uses inorganic compounds to form bonds Heterotrophic

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Cellular Energy

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  1. Cellular Energy Chapter 6 & 7

  2. Cellular Energy • All living things must be able to get and use energy. • 2 Methods • Autotrophic • Makes their own food (carbohydrates) • Photosynthesis • Uses light to form bonds • Chemosynthesis • Uses inorganic compounds to form bonds • Heterotrophic • Eats other organisms

  3. What does Photosynthesis? • Plants • Algae • Some Bacteria

  4. What is Photosynthesis? • Photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions. (biochemical pathway = more than 1 steps) • 2 parts to photosynthesis • Light dependent reaction (has 2 reactions) • Light independent reaction • Also called the dark cycle or the Calvin Cycle • Overall the reaction is

  5. Pigments • Photosynthesis requires a special type of light absorbing molecule called a pigment. • Chlorophyll • main pigment of photosynthesis • green color • Absorbs all wavelengths of light except green • ROY G BIV • Carotenoids • Orange, Brown, Yellow

  6. Before we start talking reactions, we need to know some structures. • Chloroplast • Granum • Thalakoids • Chlorophyll is in the membrane • The process of photosynthesis starts when light strikes the chlorophyll • Chloroplast are found in cells. • In a plant, the cells with the most chloroplast are in the leaves.

  7. Leaf Structure p617 Cuticle Upper Epidermis Palisade Mesophyll Vascular Bundle Lower Epidermis Spongy Mesophyll Lower Epidermis Guard Cells Stoma Cuticle

  8. Photosynthesis:Light Dependent Reactions • Light Energy is absorbed by the pigment in the thylakoid membrane • Through a series of chemical reactions the energy is converted into an energy molecule called NADPH • Chemiosmosis • During another series of chemical reactions another energy storing molecule is formed called ATP • ATP = ADP + P • Byproduct: Oxygen

  9. Photosynthesis:Light Independent Reactions • Uses the energy from the light dependent reactions to make carbohydrates (Glucose) • ATP & NADPH • Calvin Cycle • Makes carbohydrate, requires carbon dioxide (CO2) • PGAL is made prior to glucose

  10. So Overall….. • To make 1 molecule of PGAL you need • 3 turns of the Calvin cycle • This requires 9 molecules of ATP and 6 molecules of NADPH • Where does the ATP and NADPH come from? • Light Dependent Reactions.

  11. Cellular Respiration • Two kinds of Cellular Respiration • Aerobic Respiration – Oxygen present • Anaerobic Respiration – Oxygen absent 6O2 6 6

  12. Glycolysis • All forms of cellular respiration begin with glycolysis • Occurs in the cytoplasm • Begins the break down of glucose

  13. Aerobic Respiration • In eukaryotes • Occurs in the mitochondria • On the membranes of the cristae • Plants do it too! • In prokaryotes • Occurs in the cytosol

  14. Aerobic Respiration • Occurs in two steps • Krebs Cycle • Electron Transport Chain – Makes ATP • The energy yield • 1 glucose molecule = 38 ATP • 66% efficient

  15. Oxygen – (O2) Used to continue movement of electrons in electron transport chain Glucose – (C6H12O6) Broken down to release energy trapped in it’s chemical bonds Carbon Dioxide - (CO2) Released as a byproduct Water – (H2O) Released as a byproduct Energy (ATP) Major source of energy for all cellular activities ReactantsProducts

  16. Anaerobic Respiration • Also called fermentation • Occurs in the cytoplasm • Two major methods: • Lactic acid • Ethyl alcohol • Energy yield • 1 glucose molecule = 2 ATP (Produced during glycolysis) • 3.5 % efficient

  17. Glucose – (C6H12O6) Broken down to release energy trapped in it’s chemical bonds Lactic Acid - Released as a byproduct Makes muscles sore No Energy (ATP) produced except by glycolysis Animal Cell – Lactic Acid FermentationReactantsProducts

  18. Glucose – (C6H12O6) Broken down to release energy trapped in it’s chemical bonds Ethyl Alcohol - Used in production of foods and beverages Carbon Dioxide - (CO2) Released as a byproduct Makes bread rise No Energy (ATP) produced except by glycolysis Prokaryote and Plant Cells – Ethyl Alcohol FermentationReactantsProducts

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