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44 Ti nucleosynthesis γ –ray lines with Simbol-X

44 Ti nucleosynthesis γ –ray lines with Simbol-X. Matthieu Renaud Max-Planck-Institute für Kernphysik Heidelberg, Germany Collaborators: F. Lebrun (CEA/SAp & APC), R. Terrier (APC, France) A. Decourchelle, J. Ballet (CEA/SAp & AIM, France). SNRs and 44 Ti. 8.8 days. 111.3 days.

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44 Ti nucleosynthesis γ –ray lines with Simbol-X

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  1. 44Ti nucleosynthesis γ–ray lineswith Simbol-X Matthieu Renaud Max-Planck-Institute für Kernphysik Heidelberg, Germany Collaborators: F. Lebrun (CEA/SAp & APC), R. Terrier (APC, France) A. Decourchelle, J. Ballet (CEA/SAp & AIM, France) Simbol-X workshop - Bologna

  2. SNRs and 44Ti 8.8 days 111.3 days 56Ni 56Co 56Fe 1.1 106 yrs 26Al 26Mg • Few radioactive elements accessible to gamma-ray astronomy 52 hours 390 days 57Ni 57Co 57Fe 86 yrs 5.4 hours 44Ti 44Sc 44Ca 2 106 yrs 5.3 yrs 60Fe 60Co 60Ni • Limitations : short τ= important activity but γblocked (56Ni) long τ= weak flux...has to be abundant (26Al) Simbol-X workshop - Bologna

  3. SNRs and 44Ti τ= 86 ans CE (99.3 %) 44 44 44 Ti Ca Sc CE (0.7 %) 20 22 21 γ 78.4 keV (98.3 %) γ 67.9 keV (100 %) τ= 5.4 h β+ (98.95 %) γ 1.157 MeV (100 %) • Exclusively produced in SNRs (first stages) 44Ti γ–ray lines ⇔young SNR (few centuries) Simbol-X workshop - Bologna

  4. SNRs and 44Ti • From a theoretical point of view... Production sensitive to the details of the explosion (WW95, TNH96, LC03, RHHW02) Ejected mass (Mʘ) • cc-SNe : 0...~10-4 Mʘ • Std type Ia SNe : 10-6-10-5 Mʘ • (Iwamoto et al. 99, Ropke 05) • Sub-Chand. SNe : ...10-3 Mʘ • (Woosley et al. 94, Livne & Arnett 95) Energy of the explosion (foe) Simbol-X workshop - Bologna

  5. SNRs and 44Ti (Iyudin et al. 94) Counting rate BeppoSAX/PDS Energy (keV) IBIS/ISGRI (Renaud et al. 06) (Vink et al. 01) • From an observational point of view... Few cases ! • Cassiopeia A • Historical event (Flamsteed, 1680) ? (Stephenson & Green 02) • Dynamical age ~ 330 yrs , Distance ~ 3.4 kpc (Reed et al. 95) • Progenitor = 20-25 Mʘ(Vink 04) but complete scenario ? (Young et al. 06) Y44 ~ 1.6 × 10-4 Mʘ • Nature of the continuum ? • (Allen et al. 97 ; Vink & Laming 03) • High 44Ti/56Ni ... asymmetries ? • Atypical explosion ?(Young et al. 06) Simbol-X workshop - Bologna

  6. SNRs and 44Ti Y44 ? ROSAT 1.3 - 2.4 keV ROSAT 0.1 - 2.4 keV (44Ca) 1.157 MeV • A lot of interrogations... (Slane et al. 01, Schönfelder et al. 00, Duncan et al. 00) • From an observational point of view... Few cases ! • Vela Junior • Detected by COMPTEL (Iyudin et al. 98) and ROSAT (Aschenbach 98) • Scenario « young & nearby » ? • Reality of the 44Ti detection ? Simbol-X workshop - Bologna

  7. SNRs and 44Ti • From an observational point of view... Few cases ! • SN 1987a • Late-time light-curve explained by the 44Ti decay (Fransson & Kozma 02) Y44 ~ 10-4 Mʘ Simbol-X workshop - Bologna

  8. SNRs and 44Ti • SNe →44Ti →44Ca: Origin of the Galactic 44Ca & Search for « young & hidden » SNRs (Mahoney et al. 92, Leising & Share 94, Renaud et al. 04, The et al. 06) • SNe rate ~ 2-3century-1(e.g. Cappellaro et al. 99) • Y44(Cas A, SN1987a) ~ (1-2) × 10-4 Mʘ • Solar 44Ca abundance & Galactic chemical evolution model (Clayton 85) Current Galactic 44Ti production = Y44×fSNe ~ 3.6 × 10-4 Mʘ.century-1 • No significant 44Ti excess in the Galactic plane (except Cas A) • Constraints on the 44Ti production in SNe • Constraints on the SNe rate • Scenario excluded at > 99 % ! (The et al. 06) • Origin of the 44Ca... Exceptionnal events ? Simbol-X workshop - Bologna

  9. Scientific goals with Simbol-X (Hwang et al. 04) (Hwang & Laming 03) (Hwang et al. 01) • Where is the 44Ti in Cas A ? • Asymmetric explosion • jet-counterjet structure • fast-moving knots (e.g. Fesen 01) • E ~ (2-4)×1051 erg (LH03, HL03) ~5’ R = Si B = Fe G = continuum 4-6 keV Regions of pure Fe α-rich freezeout : 44Ti Simbol-X workshop - Bologna

  10. Scientific goals with Simbol-X S/N[67.9keV] = 13.5 S/N[78.4keV] = 8 S/N[67.9keV] = 12 S/N[78.4keV] = 6 Ф = 21’’ σtot = 0.4keV Ф = 164’’ σtot = 0.4keV S/N[67.9keV] = 10.5 S/N[78.4keV] = 3.5 S/N[67.9keV] = 8 S/N[78.4keV] = 3 Ф = 21’’ σtot = 1.8keV Ф = 164’’ σtot = 1.8keV • IBIS/ISGRI spectrum • Γ(20-100 keV) = 3.3 • F44 = 2.2 × 10-5 cm-2 s-1 • Two 44Ti-region sizes • Ф = 21’’ : point-like source • Ф = 164’’ : v = 4000 km.s-1 in 330 years at 3.4 kpc • Two 44Ti-region velocities • σtot= 0.4 keV : v = 0 km.s-1 • σtot= 1.8 keV : v ~ 8500 km.s-1 (fast-moving knots, e.g. Fesen et al. 06) • Where is the 44Ti in Cas A ?... Visibility with Simbol-X in 100 ksec Simbol-X workshop - Bologna

  11. Scientific goals with Simbol-X • Imaging capabilities Uniform 82" radius sphere 20’’ smoothing (courtesy of J. Ballet) • Spectral capabilities • At 67.9 keV : 3σ velocity resolution ~ (2200-2800) km.s-1 • At 78.4 keV : 3σ velocity resolution ~ (4000-4500) km.s-1 • Where is the 44Ti in Cas A ?... Visibility with Simbol-X in 100 ksec Simbol-X workshop - Bologna

  12. Scientific goals with Simbol-X • Light-curve : Y44 = (0.8-2.3) × 10-4 Mʘ(Motizuki & Kumagai 03) • Expected F44 = 3.5 × 10-6 cm-2 s-1 (~4-12 less than Cas A) • Exposure time = 1 Msec • S/N[67.9 keV] = 6.8 [3.5-11] • S/N[78.4 keV] = 4.0 [2.1-6.5] +2.0 - 1.7 • How much 44Ti has been synthesised in SN 1987a ? • distance = 51.4 ± 1.2 kpc (Panagia 99) • age = 20 yrs • nature of the progenitor : B3I blue SG Sanduleak -69◦202B3I Simbol-X workshop - Bologna

  13. Scientific goals with Simbol-X ~8’ • Tycho : How much 44Ti can be synthesised in a Type Ia SN ? • distance = 2.3 ± 0.8 kpc (Smith 91) • age = 435 yrs (AD 1572) • Prototype of a Type Ia SN • Constraints on the progenitor from the X-ray spectrum (Badenes et al. 03,05)→ Y44 ~ 5.6 × 10-5 Mʘ F44 ~ 5 × 10-6 cm-2 s-1 ~ F44, SN87a • Kepler : Type of the progenitor ? • distance = 4.8 ± 1.4 kpc (Reynoso et al. 99) • age = 403 yrs (AD 1604) and Ф= 3’ • Nature ? F44 ~ 2 × 10-6 cm-2 s-1 (Y44 = 5.6 × 10-5 Mʘ) Simbol-X workshop - Bologna

  14. Scientific goals with Simbol-X • Search for 44Ti at the position of INTEGRAL candidates SSimbol-X = SIBIS/ISGRI / 15 Simbol-X workshop - Bologna

  15. Conclusions 44Ti γ–ray lines central in our understanding of SNe explosions • Cas A • Localization of the 44Ti (together with X-ray data) • Measurement of the 44Ti velocity (dynamics) • SN 1987a • Progenitor known (with distance and age) • Detection of the 44Ti = unvaluable for the nucleosynthesis theory • Tycho & Kepler SNRs • Detection ? • Strong constraints in the case of Tycho • Need of several pointings • INTEGRAL candidates and others... Origin of the Galactic 44Ca • e.g. G0.570-0.018, MAGPIS SNR-candidates Simbol-X workshop - Bologna

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