The 13 Colonies & Early American Identity

1. The 13 Colonies & Early American Identity

2. Review- Reasons for European Settlement Desire for spices, fabrics, gold- things they couldn’t get in England The Renaissance New navigation technology- stern rudders that could sail into the wind Monarchs who want wealth and power with empires Converting Natives to Catholicism Mercantilism

3. Spain Mostly settled in Cuba, Mexico, California, American Southwest, Florida Colonial administration in the hands of Spanish born governors Eventually replace Indian slaves with African slaves Columbian Exchange Impact on Native people- destruction of civilizations, diseases, intermarried with some natives, conversion to Catholicism

4. France Claims in eastern Canada and Mississippi Valley Overlapped with England and Spain Controlled immigrations- no Huguenots Coexisted peacefully with Indians Wealth from fur trade Population growth much slower than other countries Dutch maintained a colony in NY from 1624-1665

5. England • Factors that led to English exploration • Religious controversy- Protestant vs. Catholic • Glorious Revolution • Foreign wars • Other reasons English immigrated to America • Economic gain • Escape from political persecution • Desire for religious freedom from non-Anglicans

6. Main Idea Between 1607 and 1763, North American colonists developed experience in, and the expectation of, self-government in the political, religious, economic, and social aspects of their lives.

7. Virginia Jamestown 1607- settled by the London VA Company for economic gain Saved from ruin/starving time by tobacco Most were Anglican and were wealthy Englishmen (Cavaliers)- received land from the king, were the 2nd sons First Africans arrive in 1619- many became indentured servants, eventually turn to slavery after Bacon’s Rebellion House of Burgesses in 1619- Starts representative government and beginning of salutary neglect/self-government Fought with the Powhatan Indians twice- ended in 1644 with the Indians banished from their land-suffered from disease, disorganization, and disposability (no longer needed once the colonists knew how to grow their own food)

8. New England • Pilgrims- Plymouth Colony in 1620 • Leader was William Bradford • Wanted to separate from the Church of England- separatists • Originally fled to Holland, but didn’t like that their children becoming more Dutch than English • Negotiated with Jamestown to settle in Jamestown, but the Mayflower was blown off course during the voyage and they ended up in Massachusetts • Had no government- wrote the Mayflower Compact- was an agreement to submit to the will of the majority, created the basis for government by consent and an example for self-government of future colonies. Agreed to make decisions in town meetings with open discussions.

9. New England • Puritans- wanted to reform/purify the Church of England • 1629 got a royal charter to form the Massachusetts Bay Company • 11 ships carrying 1,000 people- bigger than any of the other English settlements • John Winthrop was the 1st governor • Believed he had calling from God to lead the religious experiment • “We shall be as a city upon a hill,” a beacon to humanity • Thought they had a covenant with God, an agreement to build a holy society to be a model for humankind • Becomes the biggest and most influential of the New England colonies

10. New England • Dissenters began to develop in New England- people we persecuted with fines, floggings, banishment, even death for disagreeing with the strict Puritan society • Ex. Ann Hutchinson- banished for her ideas on predestination, moved to Rhode Island while pregnant with her 14th child • Rhode Island- • Started by Roger Williams in 1636 after he was banished for his radical ideas. Wanted a clean break from the church and challenged the MA Bay Charter for taking the land from Indians • Established complete freedom of religion even for Jews and Catholics, no taxes for the church, etc. • Made Rhode Island more liberal than any of the other English settlements

11. New England • Connecticut- 1636- Settled by Thomas Hooker to be a Puritan colony. Made money by fishing and fur trading. • New Hampshire- Started in 1623 to make money from trading and fishing and to escape religious persecution. Leaders were Benning & John Wentworth and John Wheelwright.

12. New England Mostly founded for religious freedom Covenant Communities & Town Meetings characterized the government Made money with fishing, lumber, ship building, trading Little religious freedom- most were Puritans Small farms and towns characterized the landscape

13. Middle Colonies • New York- 1625- started as a Dutch colony called New Netherland around the Hudson River • Bought Manhattan from the Indians for virtually worthless trinkets. • New Amsterdam- becomes New York City- was run by the Dutch Company to make money • New England (English settlers) were hostile of the growth of the Dutch colony and began to move into the area. The English regarded them as intruders • Charles II granted the land to his brother, Duke of York, who sent an English squadron who beat the defenses of New Amsterdam, who surrendered without firing a shot. • Renamed New York in honor of the Duke of York in 1664

14. Middle Colonies • Pennsylvania- Started by William Penn as a way to make money, an experiment in government, and a haven for Quakers- dissenters (Protestants that were not Anglican) • 1681 received a grant of land from the king due to a debt the king owed his deceased father • Called it Pennsylvania- meaning “Penn’s Woodland” • Best advertised of any of the colonies- attracted English, Dutch, French, and Germans • Encouraged substantial land holdings • Philadelphia was the most carefully planned city in colonial America • Purchased the land from the Indians • Representative assembly, no-tax for church, freedom of worship

15. Middle Colonies • New Jersey- 1664 by John Berkeley and John Carteret. Got the land from the Duke of York in order to make money. • Sold some of the land to a group of Quakers for religious freedom • Delaware- Started in 1638 but gets its own government in 1703. Originally a Swedish colony, but taken over by the English. • Named after Lord De La Warr • Worked closely with Pennsylvania

16. Middle Colonies • Maryland- 1634 started as a Catholic colony to help Catholics escape religious persecution • Started by George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) and Cecilis Calvert • Copies VA in order to make money by growing tobacco • Passed the Maryland Act of Toleration in 1649 • Catholics were worried they would lose their religious freedom as more protestants were moving in to Maryland from VA, DE, PA • Passed the Act while Catholics still had power of the government and protected their religious freedom • Beginning of religious freedom in America, even though Jews and atheists were still discriminated against

17. Middle Colonies Became known as the “bread colonies” due to their heavy exports of grain Participated in the fur trading, lumbering, and ship building NY and Philadelphia grew to be huge seaports Had largest middle class Democratic local governments Most diverse (maybe “most American”) and most religious toleration

18. Southern Colonies • South Carolina- 1670 by eight nobles- Lords Proprietors- friends of Charles II • Colonization began again because Charles was brought back into power- the Restoration • Wanted to make money by growing sugar • Rice emerges as the cash crop- wanted slaves from West Africa who had experience growing rice in Africa • Many wealthy British men moved to Carolina- 2nd sons- because they had been deprived of land inheritance • Became “aristocratic” • Often fought with the Spanish in FL and the Indians

19. Southern Colonies • North Carolina- originally started by “squatters” from VA and SC. Fought with the SC governor for man years, until it was eventually separated in 1712 • Regarded as “riff raff” by the wealthier settlers of VA & SC- thought to be hospitable to pirates and poor • Just like Rhode Island- becomes one of the most democratic, independent-minded, and least aristocratic of the 13 colonies • Fought wars with the Tuscarora Indians- wins the war and sells the Indians into slavery

20. Southern Colonies • Georgia- Started in 1733- last of the 13 colonies. Created by the crown to serve as a buffer between the Spanish in Florida and the French in Louisiana and South Carolina. • Got money from the crown to serve as the buffer • Also started by James Oglethorpe who wanted to reform prisons • Allowed debtors to come to Georgia to start over • Tried to outlaw slavery but caves to pressure from SC who had been losing slaves to GA

21. Southern Colonies Cash crops- tobacco, rice, indigo Slavery and plantation colonies Plantations and large rivers thwarted the growth of big cities, schools, and established churches Allowed religious freedom- but Anglican the major religion Founded to make money Excessive tobacco growing drove settlers westward- which led to multiple confrontation with Native Americans

22. Political Development • By 1750 most colonies had become Royal- only RI & CT were still self governing • Structure: • Had a governor appointed by the king or proprietors • In New England- elected by property holding men • Two house legislature- elected by men • Local Government: • New England- Town meetings- direct democracy, open voting • Middle- Elected officials • Southern- Plantation owners elected officials- House of Burgesses • Began developing strong tradition of self-government- ex. Dominion of New England imposed by the Crown and rejected by the colonists after Glorious Revolution

23. Colonial Society • Varied from region to region • Southern/Chesapeake: more divided than the other two, most of the wealth was in the hands of the large plantation owners, however most of the society was poor farmers. • Unhealthy in the beginning- swampy areas, in 1650 men outnumbered women 6 to 1. Weak family ties and most women were pregnant when they married. • Many single young men, frustrated by not getting land, and not able to find a woman to marry • Women had more rights- were able to keep land in their name since death was so common

24. Colonial Society • New England- • Most came to the new world as families (unlike VA/MD) • More stable society, which allowed for bigger population growth • Women were not given many rights in order to encourage tighter family ties between women and their husbands • Small villages and towns, education was more of a priority than in the south- first college-Harvard was founded in 1636 • Salem Witch Trials- 1692- demonstrated the change in society • Girls accused property-owning women, families who had more money, or who weren’t true Puritans • Ended with the Governor’s wife was accused • Religion, family, town meetings, all strong in the New England society

25. Colonial Society • Family: men had the most power; early marriages; many children • Men: had all the property rights; only ones who could vote/hold office • Women: few legal rights, took care of children, food, clothes, house hold products, etc. • Standard of living and general health better than Europe- usually lived 10 years longer • Class structure began evolving based on wealth but there were many more opportunities to move up the class ladder than in England • 2 indentured servants signed the Declaration of Independence • Franklin only had 2 loaves of bread and his clothes when he arrived in PA

26. Colonial Economy • New England: • Agriculture was based on small farms- subsistence farming, run by families, not for export • Fishing- sold to West Indies • Lumber became a huge commodity for ship building • Many merchants who helped with trading- Boston especially • Clash with London’s mercantilist policies • Middle • Agriculture dominant- breadbasket colonies- wheat especially • Merchants in New York and Philadelphia • Largest middle class/artisans/merchants

27. Colonial Economy • Southern: • Plantations dominant over small farms • Cash crops • Tobacco in VA/MD • Rice, Indigo in Carolinas • Creates the need for a cheap labor sources- changes from Indians, to Indentured Servants, to African slaves • England tried to control the trade of the colonies with Navigation Acts- limited who the colonies could trade with and what the colonies could buy/sell. Becomes frustrating and limiting for the colonists as the colonies begin to grow and outpace England in consumption of products • Salutary Neglect- England begins to relax the enforcement of the Navigation Acts as long as the Colonies continue to sell to England and buy English products

29. Create a list of the characteristics of your region • Motives for settlement, geography and climate, examples of the unique society and culture that developed there. • Which region would have been most geographically and economically similar to England and most likely to have compete with her? • Which region would have been favored by England because of the resources it could provide?

30. Map of the 13 Colonies • Label the 13 colonies- • Include date founded • Leader • Label the 3 regions • Put key words to describe the social structure and economy • You have 15 minutes

31. Development of Slavery • Begins with Indentured Servants in the South- voluntarily mortgaging themselves for 4-7 years in order to come to America • Headright System- used in the South- whoever paid the passage of the laborer received 50 acres of land- led to huge land holders in the south which become the Plantations • 100,000 indentured servants came to VA/MD by 1700 • As the indentured servants finished their time, the South was flooded with a class of poor, endebted, landless settlers who became frustrated with Indian attacks and the wealthy plantation owners of the South • Bacon’s Rebellion- Nathaniel Bacon led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion in 1676 to protest the Governor. They brunt down Jamestown.

32. Development of Slavery • Impacts of Bacon’s Rebellion- • Ignited the resentments of landless former servants and scared the gentry of the plantations • Plantation owners worried about the resentment of the lower class looked for a less troublesome labor source and a way to unite themselves with the white lower class • Turn to African Slaves • Need for cheap labor in the Southern society • Originally used Native Americans, but they all die from disease • Turn to Indentured Servants • After Bacon’s Rebellion change to African slaves

33. Development of Slavery • First Africans arrived in 1619 • Originally indentured servants • Southerners also began to be able to afford slaves by the 1700s • Saw them as self-renewing labor source • Immune to diseases • Knew how to grow rice- very high demand for these slaves in the Carolinas • By 1750 slavery was legal in all colonies • Half the population of VA by 1750 • Outnumbered white colonists by 2 to one in SC • By 1775 80 percent of slaves in colonies were American born

34. Development of Slavery • Middle Passage- • Death rates has high as 20 percent • Sold in Rhode Island and Charleston, SC • SC slaves develop the Gullah culture and language • NY Slave Revolt in 1712 and Stono Rebellion in 1739 in SC led tighter control of slaves throughout the colonies and increased fear of future revolts.

36. Rebellions & Conflicts in the Colonies

37. Bacon’s Rebellion • Tensions flared between Native Americans struggling to retain land and independence and expanding settlers, especially white freedmen who often squatted illegally on tribal lands • Divided white society because Governor Berkeley, and wealthy land owners, help fur-trade monopolies • Colonists resented the governor • Stung by low tobacco prices and taxes that took almost a quarter of their yearly incomes, small farmers preferred the less costly solution of waging a war of extermination • Nathaniel Bacon, a newly arrived, wealthy planter and the Governor’s relative inspired the lower class white planters

38. Bacon’s Rebellion • 300 colonists elected Bacon to lead them against the nearby Indians in April 1676 • Bacon only found peaceful Indians, but killed them anyways • Originally Governor Berkely granted Bacon permission to wage war against the Natives, and when he tried to call Bacon back, Bacon returned with is 1,300 followers with their guns pointed at Jamestown • Bacon and his men forced Governor Berkeley to flee and burned Jamestown • Right when Bacon was winning and becoming the leader of Jamestown, he dies of dysentery and his followers dispersed

39. Bacon’s Rebellion • Impacts of Bacon’s Rebellion- • Revealed a society under stress- example of long pent-up frustrations by marginal taxpayers and former servants seeking land • Ignited the resentments of landless former servants and scared the gentry of the plantations • Showed the willingness of whites to murder, enslave, or expel all Native Americas and made clear that racial hostility was also a motive • Plantation owners worried about the resentment of the lower class looked for a less troublesome labor source and a way to unite themselves with the white lower class • Turn to African Slaves

40. Pequot War • Begins in 1633 when settlers moved into the Connecticut River Valley and created Connecticut in 1635. Tension quickly developed with the Pequot Indians who controlled the trade in furs with the Dutch. • Once tensions escalated into violence, MA and CT took coordinated military action in 1637 beginning the Pequot War • The English had support from two other tribes, the Mohegan and Narragansett, and waged a ruthless campaign • Ex. English troops surrounded and set fire to the Pequot village in CT before dawn and then “cut down” all who tried to escape. • Several hundred, including women and children, were killed. • By late 1637 Pequot resistance was crushed and survivors were taken by pro-English Indians or by the English as slaves • The Pequot land was given to the colonists of CT and New Haven • Created a 40-year peace treaty with the natives who helped the Puritans.

41. King Philip’s War Anglo-Indian conflict increased in the 1670s because of pressures imposed on Indians to sell more land and accept the authority of the colonial governments Tension was especially high in the Plymouth colony where Metacom, “King Philip,” was the leading Wampanoag chief. The English had convinced many of the Wampanoags to renounce their loyalty to Metacom and forced Metacom to accept many concessions In 1675, Plymouth hanged 3 Wampanoags for killing a Christian Indian and threatened to arrest Metacom, which led to King Philip’s War Eventually 2/3rds of the colonies’ Native Americans rallied around Metacom, and unlike the Pequot's, they were familiar with guns and were as well armed as the colonists.

42. King Philip’s War • Indian raiders attacked 52 of New England’s 90 towns (entirely destroying 12), burned 1,200 houses and killed 8,000 cattle, and killed 2,500 colonists (5% of the population) • The tide turned against Metacom in 1676 after the Mohawk Iroquois of NY and other local Indians joined the English against him. • The colonists and their Native American allies scattered their enemies and destroyed their food supplies • 5,000 Indians starved or died in battle, including Metacom, and others fled to NY and Canada • The English sold hundreds of captives into West Indian slavery, including Metacom’s wife and child

43. King Philip’s War • Effects: • Reduced southern New England’s Indian population by 40% and eliminated organized resistance to white expansion. • Deepened English hostility toward all Native Americans, even those who had supported the colonies. • Remaining Natives were put onto early reservations

44. Pueblo Revolt • From the beginning the Spanish sought to rule New Mexico by subordinating the Pueblo Indians • Used missionaries and forced the natives to convert to Catholicism • Used the encomienda system, using the natives as slaves • Drove a wedge between the Pueblos and their nonfarming neighbors since the Spanish took the Pueblo’s corn, thus preventing the Pueblos from trading their surplus to their neighbors, which led to the Apaches and Navajos leading raids on the Pueblos in order to get corn

45. Pueblo Revolt • Originally the Pueblos accepted Spanish rule, but in the 1660s their crops withered under droughts • Starvation and diseases sent the Pueblo population from 80,000 in 1598 to 17,000 in the 1670s • In response Pueblos reverted back to their religious beliefs hoping to restore the success they had before the Spanish • Missionaries destroyed Pueblo religious objects and publicly whipped Pueblo religious leaders and followers • In 1675 the Spanish governor sentenced 3 Pueblo religious leaders to the gallows, a fourth killed himself, and 43 others were jailed, whipped, and sold as slaves • Pueblo leaders began planning a secret overthrow of the Spanish government, with Popé as their leader

46. Pueblo Revolt • In August 1680, Popéand his followers attacked the homes of 70 Spanish colonists, killing all but 2. • They moved south and joined a massive siege of New Mexico’s capital, Santa Fe. • Begins the “Pueblo Revolt”- the most successful Indian uprising in American history • 400 Spanish colonists were killed • The Spanish fled from New Mexico and did not return until 1692 with a new Governor, Vargas • Vargas used violence to reestablish Spanish rule, but did not reestablish control until 1700, even then it was much more limited than it was before. • Got rid of the encomienda system and they were allowed to practice their religion

47. Leisler’s Rebellion • Restoration monarchs in England (Charles II & James II) disliked representative government, they wanted to rule like “absolute” monarchs • James II (a catholic) consolidated MA, NH, CT, RI, Plymouth, NY and NJ into a single administrative unit, called the Dominion of New England, with Boston as the capital • The legislatures of these colonies ceased to exist, and a single governor, Sir Edmund Andros headed the “supercolony”

48. Leisler’s Rebellion • New Yorkers were concerned that the Catholics in power would betray NY to France, England’s rival • Andros allowed the harbor’s forts to deteriorate and downplayed rumors that Native Americans would attack • Charles II & James II ignored Parliament and allowed Catholics to hold high office and worship openly • When James II had a son who would ascend to the throne, English citizens could not tolerate another Catholic monarch, so England’s leading political and religious leaders invited Mary and her husband William to become king and Queen of England

49. Leisler’s Rebellion • William led a small Dutch army to England in 1688 and most of the English troops surrendered and James II fled to France • Known as the Glorious Revolution & created the “limited monarchy” • News that James II had fled England excited New England. Boston’s militia arrested Andros, who had tried to flee in women’s clothing, but was caught when a guard spotted a “lady” in army boots • King William dismantled the Dominion of New England, but changed voting rights to be determined by property rights, not church membership

50. Leisler’s Rebellion • Emboldened by the Glorious Revolution and Boston’s newfound rights, NY’s militia, consisting mostly of Dutch and other non-English middle class, seized the harbor’s main fort on May 31, 1689. • Militia Captain Jacob Leisler took command of the colony, reparied tis defense and called elections for an assembly • When English troops arrived in NY in 1691, Leisler denied them entry to the NY forts, thinking wrongly they were loyal to James II • A fight resulted and Leisler was arrested