Do Now - Homework Review: Why was the Roman Church able to gain power during the Middle Ages?

1. Do Now - Homework Review: Why was the Roman Church able to gain power during the Middle Ages? What role did the Church play in medieval life? What is meant by "monastic culture?" Describe hermit, communal, and Benedictine monasticism. Describe the doctrine of papal supremacy and its impact.

2. Why was the Roman Church able to gain power during the Middle Ages? Why was the Roman Church able to gain power during the Middle Ages? What role did the Church play in medieval life? Church officials filled vacuum of authority caused by crumbling of empire and imperial posts Church center of urban life Pope took control of Rome as emperors died out Church gave meaning to life at most challenging time United people through sacraments and rituals breaking barriers of class, education and gender Church officials were the best educated

3. What is meant by "monastic culture?" Describe hermit, communal, and Benedictine monasticism. Monastic Culture- strength of church during Middle Ages Hermit Monks- first monks, withdrew from society: upheld ideal of self denial; embraced biblical counsels of perfection - chastity, poverty & obedience Communal Monasticism: Monks engaged in social services; caring for orphans, widows and sick in community Benedictine Monasticism: Benedict of Nursia, est monastery at Monte Cassino, Italy Rules established regimented and regulated mnks life religious devotion & study combined with manual labor promoted physical and emotional well being of monks

4. Describe the doctrine of papal supremacy and its impact. Eastern churches made church part of the state to maintain royal authority Western church officials opposed royal intervention/ control of the church imperial weakness enabled church to take power Developed Doctrine of Papal Supremacy- made Roman clergy supreme within church established secular claims led to continual conflicts between church and state - power struggle

5. Ancient Rome & The Origin of Christianity Byzantium: The New Rome

6. Byzantium: The New Rome Setting the Stage • Germanic invasions caused collapse of Western Roman Empire • Byzantium empire continued to thrive and build upon Roman foundations for nearly 1,000 years after Rome’s collapse

7. Byzantium

8. Byzantium: The New Rome Why was Byzantium called The New Rome? • Simple: It was Roman • Had Roman emperors, architecture, culture, and Christianity • Emperors ruled with absolute power & served as head of church • Spoke Greek - not Latin

9. Byzantium: The New Rome Why Byzantium was Wealthier • Geographically located in middle of several trade routes - enabled prosperity • Wasn’t prone to German attacks like West

10. Byzantium: The New Rome Emperor Justinian Overview • Takes control 527 AD • Set up Justinian Code • uniform laws created from outdated Roman laws • Built many churches including Hagia Sophia • most splendid church in Christian world • Plagues and attacks cause Byzantine Empire to decline after death of Justinian

11. The Hagia Sophia

12. 527 A.D. Justinian sought to make Byzantine Empire as great as Roman Empire • strong army enabled conquering of many lands Rome lost

13. The Justinian Code • Justinian chose ten men to review 1,600 books of Roman Law (Twelve Tables) • created simpler legal code- Justinian Code • over 4,000 laws. • laws recorded in four books. • Many laws in Justinian’s Code reflect point of view of wife, Theodora.

14. Empress Theodora • Encouraged Justinian to make laws more fair to women • Laws enabled: • Parents to leave property to daughters • Improved women’s rights • Innocent until proven guilty • Theodora assisted Justinian in choosing government leaders. • She believed jobs given should be based on ability not social class.

15. Empress Theodora • Theodora’s early life spent at Hippodrome, or circus. • Her father - a bear keeper • She was a circus performer • left circus in her 20s. • Most empresses from noble families. • Theodora’s early life gave prospective of life as an ordinary citizen. • Justinian also from a poor family.

16. Hippodrome *

17. The Silk Road & Chinese Silk Trade • Chinese kept silk making a secret for about 3,000 years. • Put to death if told secret of silk making • Traded silk along "Silk Road" • connected China with West • Bandits & thieves often traveled silk road *

18. Byzantine Economy • Taxes collected from trade & industry used for building program to make Constantinople the New Rome • Example: Church of Holy Wisdom, or Hagia Sophia • Dome of church forms circle of 40 windows *

19. Division of Christendom • Disputes over religious beliefs & traditions caused conflicts between east and west. • Division partly resulting from linguistic & cultural differences b/t East & West • Similar church structure b/t East & West • Combination of Greek, Roman and Asian elements made eastern church more mystical and focused on hereafter • Eastern church patriarchs submitted more passively to royal intervention than western patriarchs *

20. Division of Christendom • Three Major Factors Causing Break Between Eastern & Western Church: • Question of Doctrinal Authority • Eastern church stressed authority of Bible than in bishops of Rome's counsel and decrees • Filioque Clause to the Nicene Creed • Western belief Christ fully one essence w/ God & the Father and not a lesser being • Iconoclastic Controversy of 8th Century • Byzantine emperor, Leo III, attempted to force western popes to abolish use of images • met fierce resistance & simultaneous to threat to Rome from Lombards of N. Italy • Pope Stephen allied w/ Frank ruler, Pepin III causing alliance against Lombards and Eastern church • created new western church and empire *

21. Iconoclastic Controversy • Orthodox Christians, • Eastern Christians - or those who held strict religious beliefs, thought the use of icons (pictures of Christ) was forbidden in the Ten Commandments. • Orthodox Christians thought this was a form of worshipping idols. • Western Christians - where few could read & write, church leaders believed use of icons was a good way to teach about Christianity. *

22. The Great Schism of 1054 • In 1054 the Christian Church split because of disagreements over religious issues. • Two branches of Christianity form: • Eastern Greek Orthodox Church • Roman Catholic Church *

23. The Great Schism of 1054 • Eastern Greek Orthodox Church • Based in Constantinople • Official language – Greek • Church led by a Patriarch referred to as a Bishop • Bishops couldn’t marry. • Priests could marry. • Scriptures were the final authority on all matters. • Emperor or political ruler was above the Bishop. • Rejected the use of icons. • Roman Catholic Church • Based in Rome • Official language – Latin • Church led by a Pope referred to as Father. • Church leaders could not marry. • Only Pope and Bishops could interpret the scriptures. • The Pope was the Supreme head of Church - above any political ruler. • Religious icons accepted. *

24. Byzantium: The New Rome A Christian Empire • Christianity spread since the height of the Roman Empire • Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan that made Christianity legal • The Church Divides in 1054 • Roman Catholicism in the West • Services conducted in Latin • The Pope has authority of all other bishops • Priests cannot marry

25. Byzantium: The New Rome Eastern Orthodox Church in the East • Services conducted in Greek or local languages • The Patriarch and other bishop head the Church as a group • Priests may be married

26. Byzantium: The New Rome • Result: • The Roman Empire dwindled into oblivion allowing the Middle Ages to begin. • The east Byzantium held on for a few more centuries, which resulted in a split in Christianity and eventually would set up a bigger conflict: • Christianity vs. Islam.

27. Byzantium: The New Rome • Did the Byzantine Empire Benefit from the Rule of Justinian and Theodora? • Hook - states topic of paper • Opposition/ Proposition Views • 3 Point Thesis State