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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. The Late Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century. What just happened?. Religion- One Church 1054 Split 12 th Century Age of Faith- Gothic Cathedrals Unified Western Christian Church 1215 4 th Lateran Council Unam Sanctum

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 The Late Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century

  2. What just happened? • Religion- One Church • 1054 Split • 12th Century Age of Faith- Gothic Cathedrals • Unified Western Christian Church • 1215 4th Lateran Council • Unam Sanctum • Crusades 11th through 13th Centuries • Slaughter of the Albagensians • 11th Century of all Western Europe- Roman Catholic • Threat of Islam largely ends

  3. Nation-State developing England under William the Conqueror developed a more stable and unified form of government – pre-William, England had more in common w/Scandinavia- post w/Continental Europe France- Strong territorial areas, many unique cultures, and languages…1000 years later Charles de Gaulle said—how do you rule a country with 246 different kinds of cheese http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_cheeses

  4. Germany- not a country but until the 13th century had an effective HRE Poland-Lithuania- strong powerful entity North Central Europe Russia- still smarting from the Mongols Balkans and Eastern Empire under threat from the Ottomans Iberian Peninsula slowly consolidating Italy- Venice powerful merchant State, Florence developing textile industry

  5. Trade • Agricultural production slowly developing • Almost all arable land in use • Some weakening of manorial ties as towns begin to develop- under Charter from King • Jews allowed to reenter Europe in the 11th, 12th Centuries • Ghengis Khan and the Mongols reestablish strong trade routes along the silk road- More East/West ties. • Northern Europe dominated by the Hanseatic League—trading group. • Italy getting the lion share of trade benefits- • Strong Textile industries developing in Flanders and Italy

  6. Parenthood

  7. Women’s roles

  8. Town Life

  9. A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Crisis • “Little Ice Age” • The Great Famine (1315 – 1317) • The Black Death

  10. The Black Death • Most devastating natural disaster in European History • Bubonic Plague • Rats and Fleas • Yersinia Pestis • Originated in Asia • Arrived in Europe in 1347 • Mortality reached 50 – 60 percent in some areas • Wiped out between 25 – 50 percent of European population (19 – 38 million dead in four years) • Plague returns in 1361 – 1362 and 1369

  11. The Disease

  12. Spread of the Black Death ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

  13. Life and Death: Reactions to the Plague • Plague as a punishment from God • The flagellants • Attacks against Jews • Violence • Mysticism • Hedonism • Wealthy people quarantined selves in countryside (inspired Boccaccio and Chaucer)

  14. Fig. 11-CO, p. 303

  15. Medicine

  16. Mass burial of victims in Tournai…still time to make coffins p. 307

  17. Flagellants wandered from town to town flogging themselves p. 307

  18. Impact! • Population loss – estimated that between 25 to 50 percent of European population died between 1347 and 1351 • Estimated 75 million before Plague – 19 – 38 million died • Plague did not end – came back several times

  19. Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval • Labor Shortage some decline prices for agricultural products (DEMAND DROPPED)= Drop in aristocratic incomes • Statute of Laborers (1351) : Limit Wages- DECLINE LABOR SUPPLY EXCEEDED DROP IN FARM PRICES! • Social Mobility • Peasant Revolts • Jacquerie in France (1358) • English Peasants’ Revolt (1381) • Revolts in the Cities • Ciompi Revolt in Florence (1378)

  20. Occupy Medieval Street? • Did not end Feudalism, but accelerated its decline • Peasants changed labor dues into money rents • Vassals changing military and political service into cash payments • NOTE: THERE IS HUGE DIFFERENCE EVOLUTION SERFDOM IN EASTERN V. WESTERN EUROPE

  21. French nobles massacring the rebels in Meaux during the Jacquerie in 1358 p. 309

  22. The Effects of the Plague • Psychologically - art was interested in morbid scenes (danse macabre) • Created an anxiety about life

  23. Danse Macabre

  24. War and Political Instability • The Hundred Years’ (sort of) War • France – three times the number of people and wealthier, but not united because of social conflicts; battles fought on own land; weaker royal leadership than English • England was superior militarily – had the longbow; smarter leadership • Part 1 • French Attack on English Gascony (1337) • Edward III of England claims French Crown • Also conflicts over control of Flanders, a center of the woolen industry • Battle of Crecy (1346) • Battle of Poitiers (1356) • Peace of Bretigny (1360)

  25. Causes of the War • Succession crisis - Dynastic conflict over who will succeed to the French crown when the French King Charles IV died in 1328 without an heir • King Edward III of England claimed throne because his grandfather Philip the Fair was King of France from 1285 to 1314 • French barons did not want Edward to be King – so they selected Charles IV’s cousin, Philip VI of Valois • English King held land in France (Gascony) as a vassal to the French King - upsetting royal goals to centralize authority

  26. Also conflicts over control of Flanders, a center of the woolen industry • Long history of prejudice and animosity between each other (Second Hundred Years War) • Royalty of both countries were arrogant – wanted glory and prestige and used their armies to achieve it

  27. Chart 11-1, p. 311

  28. Course of the War • Broke out when Edward III refused to pay homage to King Philip VI for Gascony/Aquitaine and the French King seized the duchy in 1337 • Started out with knights, but was decided with peasant foot soldiers – mostly for the English

  29. Burghers of CalaisThe Siege

  30. Map 11-2, p. 314

  31. Battle of Crecy…English longbows won p. 312

  32. Part I • Battle of Crecy (1346) – • Normandy;the French large, but unorganized army to meet the English who crushed them; the longbow by the English devastated the French; was not a turning point because English did not have enough resources to control the country; did take Calais in the North as a place to stage future invasions • Edward’s son, the prince of Wales, Black Prince -he roved the countryside, wreaking havoc and bringing terror to the peasants • Battle of Poitiers (1356) – • French defeat at the hands of the Black Prince in which the French King John II was captured; • Peace of Bretigny (1359) – • French large ransom for King, England gained more territory in Gascony. Edward renounced his claim to the French throne

  33. Part II • Charles V ->King of France (1364 – 1380) and pushed English back, but England still was plagued by free mercenaries roaming the countryside; a time of relative peace • Late 14th CenturyEnglish and French Monarchs were each in turmoil- French King mentally unstable • Marauding bands • French raids on England • French regain some territory • Burgundy France rift • 25 yr peace treaty

  34. Part III • Henry V (1413 – 1422) • Battle of Agincourt (1415) Major Victory • Treaty of Troyes- Marriage Henry V and Catherine French Princess • Part IV • Charles the Dauphin (heir to the French throne) • Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431) • Siege of Orleans • Captured by Burgundians (allies of the English) in 1430 • Burned at the Stake (1431) • Gunpowder For next two decades, French pushed English North; used cannons; • By 1453, English only possessed Calais • War Ends with French victory (1453) • What does it all mean?

  35. France in 1420

  36. p. 317

  37. Joan of Arc p. 316

  38. Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431) – Maid of Orleans • from Orleans, a city being attacked by the English; • religious visions voices of Saints commanding her to free France and to save Charles the Dauphin (the heir to the throne); • royal court convinced the Dauphin to send an army with her to Orleans; • inspired French army ->defeated the English and pushed them North; • Charles the Dauphin ->King of France; • Voices of???? INQUISITION!Burgundians charged witchcraft and burnt her at the stake for heresy; • Inspiration! • Between 1894 and 1920 Church promoted Joan to Sainthood • What the heck is Burgundy and why should I care?

  39. France in 1450

  40. Impact of the War • Awakened sense of national identity among English and French • English increased power of Parliament because of the need to finance the war through taxes, • Parliament took its current two part structure (House of Commons and House of Lords); • France created the Estates General, but it was weak compared to the English Parliament because France still had princes, local customs and laws, French Kings preferred to work for themselves instead of depending on the Estates General to raise taxes; • Difficult for peasants because experienced attacks on fields and were taxed by the nobles (Jacquerie in France and Peasant Revolt in England) • Does not add up to 100 years – 68 years of nominal peace, 44 of hot? war

  41. p. 316

  42. In sum? ->Political Instability • Breakdown of Feudal Institutions • Scutage • New Royal Dynasties • Financial Problems • Parliaments gain power

  43. p. 319

  44. Western Europe: England and France • England: $$$$ War Cost $$$$ • Edward III (1327 – 1377) • Parliament • House of Lords • House of Commons • Lancasters and Henry IV • England: War of the Roses (White York, Red Lancaster) 1455-1485 • House of York* and House of Lancaster • Henry VI—(6th not 4th) loses—Tower of London • House of Tudor wins? Henry VII

  45. France • Estates General formed- but weak • $$$ for war—Gabelle and Taille • France: Charles VI (1380 – 1422) • France: Civil War • Burgundy and Orleans • Victory in the 100 yr War--

  46. Soldiers ransacking a house in Paris, mid 14th century p. 320

  47. Germany & Italy • The German Monarchy • Breakup of the Holy Roman Empire • Hundreds of States • Elective Monarchy • The Golden Bull (1356) • Weak kings • The States of Italy • Lack of centralized authority • Republicanism to Tyranny • Development of regional states • Milan • Florence- Popolo grasso, grandi, ciompi (not types of pasta) • Venice- Republic- Council of Ten

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