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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Socialization. Socialization. The process by which people learn their culture. They do so by entering and disengaging from a succession of roles and becoming aware of themselves as they interact with others. Social Interaction.

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Socialization

  2. Socialization • The process by which people learn their culture. • They do so by entering and disengaging from a succession of roles and becoming aware of themselves as they interact with others.

  3. Social Interaction • The view that social interaction unleashes human potential is supported by studies showing that children raised in isolation do not develop normal language and other social skills

  4. Social Interaction • Harlow Study of Rhesus Monkeys • Harry and Margaret Harlow • Conclusion: emotional development requires affection • Spitz Study • Rene Spitz • Conclusion: childhood socialization seems to be a necessary ingredient to making us fully human.

  5. Theories of Childhood Socialization • Sigmund Freud • Charles Horton Cooley • George Herbert Mead • Jean Piaget • Lawrence Kohlberg • Lev Vygotsky • Carol Gilligan

  6. Theories of Childhood Socialization • Sigmund Freud • Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Theory • Id, Ego, Superego • Conscious and Unconscious

  7. Theories of Childhood Socialization • Charles Horton Cooley • Looking Glass Self • How we see ourselves evaluated by others • Symbolic Interactionism • Face-to-face communication

  8. Theories of Childhood Socialization • George Herbert Mead • The I and the Me • Four Stages: Role-taking • Imitation • Pretend to Be another person • Simultaneously take role of Several other people • Generalized other

  9. Theories of Childhood Socialization • Jean Piaget • Cognitive Development • Sensorimotor Stage • Preoperational Stage • Concrete Operational Stage • Formal Operational Stage

  10. Theories of Childhood Socialization • Lawrence Kohlberg • Moral Reasoning • Preconventional Stage • Conventional • Postconventional

  11. Theories of Childhood Socialization • Lev Vygotsky • Sociocognitive Development • Ways of thinking determined as much by social institutions as innate characteristics • Zone of Proximal Development

  12. Theories of Childhood Socialization • Carol Gilligan • Sociological foundations of moral development in American boys and girls

  13. Agents of Socialization • Families • Schools • Peer Groups • Mass Media • Professional Socialization • Resocialization and Total Institutions

  14. Agents of Socialization • Families • Primary Socialization • Primary Socialization is the process of acquiring the basic skills needed to function in society during childhood. • Usually takes place in families

  15. Agents of Socialization • Schools • Secondary Socialization • Socialization outside the family • Help prepare students for job market • 1918 every state in US required children to attend school until age 16 or completion of the 8th grade.

  16. Agents of Socialization • Peer Groups • Consist of individuals who are not necessarily friends, but are about the same age and of similar status • Help children & adolescents separate from families and develop independent sources of identity • Teach young people how to adapt to the ways of the larger society

  17. Agents of Socialization • Mass Media • Allows more self-socialization • Choosing socialization influences from the wide variety of mass media offerings • Tend to choose influences that are more pervasive, fit existing cultural standards, and are made especially appealing by those who control the mass media

  18. Agents of Socialization • Professional Socialization • Compatible socialization • Non-compatible socialization • Conflict with family/community • The more a student is at odds with a professional identity, the more likely he/she is to drop out

  19. Agents of Socialization • Resocialization and Total Institutions • Occurs when powerful socializing agents deliberately cause rapid change in one’s values, roles, and self-conception, sometimes against one’s will • Fraternity, Marines, religious order

  20. Agents of Socialization • Resocialization and Total Institutions • Three stages • Separation from one’s old status and identity (ritual rejection) • Degradation, disorientation, and stress (ritual death) • Acceptance of the new group culture and status (ritual rebirth)

  21. Agents of Socialization • Resocialization and Total Institutions • Total institutions are settings where people are isolated from the larger society and under the strict control and constant supervision of a specialized staff. • Asylums and Prisons • Zimbardo Experiment

  22. Socialization Across the Life Course • Adult socialization is necessary for four main reasons: • Adult roles are often discontinuous • Some adult roles are largely invisible • Some adult roles are unpredictable • Adult roles change as we mature

  23. Socialization Across the Life Course • Adult socialization is necessary for four main reasons: • Adult roles are often discontinuous –socialize children to be unresponsible, submissive and asexual • Some adult roles are largely invisible • Some adult roles are unpredictable • Adult roles change as we mature

  24. Socialization Across the Life Course • Adult socialization is necessary for four main reasons: • Adult roles are often discontinuous • Some adult roles are largely invisible –hidden to people to young to perform them (marriage, occupational roles) • Some adult roles are unpredictable • Adult roles change as we mature

  25. Socialization Across the Life Course • Adult socialization is necessary for four main reasons: • Adult roles are often discontinuous • Some adult roles are largely invisible • Some adult roles are unpredictable – marrying someone from a different ethnic or religious group; separation & divorce; sudden death of a spouse; job loss & long-term unemployment; forced migration; transition from peace to war • Adult roles change as we mature

  26. Socialization Across the Life Course • Adult socialization is necessary for four main reasons: • Adult roles are often discontinuous • Some adult roles are largely invisible • Some adult roles are unpredictable • Adult roles change as we mature – inner change processes: as children grow older, family roles change; with middle age comes awareness of death and questions about our way of life

  27. Identity and the Internet • Virtual communities shape our identity • An association of people, scattered across the country, continent, or planet, who communicate via computer.

  28. Dilemmas of Childhood and Adolescent Socialization • Preindustrial: • Until late 1600’s • children seen as small adults • Chores by age 5 • Working full time by age 10-12 • Marriage and achievement of full adulthood by 15-16 • People did not live long enough to afford the luxury of childhood • Most children died before age 5 • Children a financial asset • No social need for period of extended training and development

  29. Dilemmas of Childhood and Adolescent Socialization • Industrial: • Until late 1700’s • children began to be seen as children • Still had chores by age 5 • Many still put to work full time by age 10-12 • Marriage and achievement of full adulthood by 15-16 • More children survived to adulthood • Children a financial liability • The need began to immerge for educated population

  30. Dilemmas of Childhood and Adolescent Socialization • Industrial: • Until late 1700’s • children began to be seen as children • Still had chores by age 5 • Many still put to work full time by age 10-12 • Marriage and achievement of full adulthood by 15-16 • More children survived to adulthood • Children a financial liability • The need began to emerge for educated population

  31. Dilemmas of Childhood and Adolescent Socialization • Post Industrial: • Childhood as a separate developmental stage • Education became mandatory to age 16 or 8th grade • Child labor laws passed • Marriage and achievement of full adulthood by 30 • Because most children survive infancy, parents invest much more emotionally into their children • Children a financial liability so families limit number of children. Birth control makes this possible • A technological and service oriented society must have a highly educated population

  32. Dilemmas of Childhood and Adolescent Socialization • Post Industrial: • Problems – • Declining adult supervision • Increasing media influence • Declining extracurricular activities • The Vanishing Adolescent p.121

  33. Dilemmas of Childhood and Adolescent Socialization • The Case for the End of Adolescence

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