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Castle Architecture

Castle Architecture. Motte and Bailey Castles. The Norman Invasion & their Pre-built Castles

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Castle Architecture

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  1. Castle Architecture

  2. Motte and Bailey Castles • The Norman Invasion & theirPre-builtCastles • The Battle of Hastings in 1066 markedthe end of theAngloSaxonKingsof England and the Norman InvasionledbyDuke William of Normandywhobecame King of England, alsoknownas William theConqueror. Hisstrategy of utilisingPre-Built Norman TimberCastleswithMotte and Baileystructures played a highlysuccessfulrolewhen he conquered England. Threepre-builtwoodencastleswerebuiltbythe Norman Invaders - the Battle of Hastings and thethrone of England wastaken. Each of thefollowinglinkstoMotte and BaileyCastleswillprovideddetailedfactsandinformationaboutthesefamous Norman constructions. The Norman strategy of building Motte and BaileyCastlesbegan.

  3. The definition of the Motte and Bailey Castles are as follows: • Definition of a Motte • The Mottecan be definedas a giantmound of earthwith a keep, ortower, builton top • Definition of a Bailey • The Baileyconsisted of theouterwallof a castle and a courtyardwhichsurroundedthekeep • Definition of a Motte and BaileyCastle • A Motte and BaileyCastlecan be definedas a Medieval Norman castlewhichconsisted of twoconnectingditchedstockadedmoundswiththehighermoundsurmountedby a keep, atower, and theothercontaining a courtyard, barracks, otherbuildings and livestock

  4. Norman Strategy of building Motte and BaileyCastles • William theConqueroremployed a strategy of quickly building of woodenMotte and BaileyCastles. TimberMotte and BaileyCastlescouldnot be viewedaspermanentcastlesasthewoodbuiltonearthrottedquickly and theycouldeasily be destroyedbyfire. Buttheywere of greattemporaryvalue! Hisaimwastobuildasmany of thesesmallcastlesaspossible. A Motte and Baileycastlecould be erectedquickly - someonlytook a couple of weeks! It is believedthatasmanyas 1000 MedievalMotte and Baileycastleswerebuiltin England bytheNormans. • The sites of thecastlesfollowed a patterncoveringsome, orall, of thefollowingrequirements: • Theywerebuiltonthehighestgroundinthearea • TheyoftenadjoinedRivers • TheyoftenoverlookedTowns • They made use of existingsitesofRomanorSaxonforts and Burhs • Theyoverlookedharbours • The Normanswantedtheirruleto be confirmedcompletely and quickly. Betweenthe Battle of Hastings and the Norman Invasionin 1066 and thedatethat William theConquerordiedin 1087 a total of 86 stonecastles had beenbuilt! Eighty-sixcastlesinjust 21 years! It is believedthatasmanyas 1000 MedievalMotte and Baileycastleswerebuiltin England. Many of theinitialwoodenconstructionsoftheMotte and BaileyCastleswerefortified. The firstfortificationwastoraisethetimberbuildingsonstonewalls and oncethiswascompletetoentirelyre-buildtheCastleKeepinstone. Thusemergedthefirst Stone Castles of theMedievalEra - including, ofcourse, thefamous Tower of London.

  5. The Purpose of theMotte and BaileyCastles • Toactas a fortified post • Toprovide a basewheremen, provisions and horsescould be housed • Tooverawe and frightentheindigenouspopulation • Motte and BaileyCastlesprovided a basefromwhichtheNormanscouldgovernthesurroundingdistrict

  6. Storm and capture the Tower • Climb, or crawl up, the embankment of the Motte - these were extremely steep and designed so that a horse could not climb it Takethegate of theMotte • Storm the gate • Negotiate the outer ditch and embankment • Negotiate the defences within the Bailey The most successful form of attack was fire! The timber buildings would burn easily.

  7. Life intheMotte and BaileyCastles The Normanswerethevictors - theinvaders of the English AngloSaxons. Life fortheNormanswasgood. Theirsuccessfulinvasion of England meantwealthforthe Norman invaders. Landsweredividedbetween Norman Lords and theybuilttheMotteandBaileyCastles. Life inthe Norman Motte and BaileyCastlesdependedontherank of thepeoplewhoinhabitedthecastle. The Lord of theCastle and possiblyhisfamilywouldliveinthe most protected part of thecastle - the Tower ortheKeep. Servantswould be expectedtoprovidefoodfortheNobles and soldiers. The Soldierswerewellpaid and livedwithintheBailey of thecastle. OtheroccupationswithinthecastleweretheBlacksmiths - tokeep a supply of arrowheads, theStablehandstohelpwiththehorses and thekitchenstaff.

  8. The History of the Norman Stone Castles • The woodenMotte and Baileycastleswereseldomoccupiedforlongperiods. Nearly 1000 woodenMotte and BaileyCastleswereconstructed. Their rapid constructionenabledtheNormanstocontrol and subjugatetheconquered English. WoodenMotte and BaileyCastleswerenotviewedaspermanentcastlesaswoodbuiltonearthrottedquicklyandthecastlecouldeasily be destroyedbyfire. Stone Castleswerethesolution! Buttheytookconsiderabletimetobuild, requiring a significantlabourforce,  and theywereexpensive. The location of thestonecastleswerethereforecarefullychosenforthe most advantageouspolitical and military purposes. Thenthe Norman strategy of building Stone Castlesbegan...

  9. Convertingwoodencastlestostonecastles! Many of theinitialwoodenconstructionsoftheMotte and BaileyCastleswerestronglyfortifiedbyconvertingthemtostonecastles. The firstdevelopment and fortificationwastoraisethetimberbuildingsonstonewallsandoncethiswascompletetoentirelyre-buildtheCastleKeep (tower) instone. Thusemergedthefirst Stone Castles of theMedievalEra - including, ofcourse, thefamous Tower of London. William theConqueror'schiefstonecastlearchitect and builderwascalled Robert, Lord of Belleme.

  10. The process of building The stoneusedfor building medievalcastleswasgenerallyminedinquarries. However, theRomans had beengreatbuildersinBritain and local Romanstructureswould be pillagedfor old Romanbricksto be usedwhen building thenewstonecastles. Differenttypes of othermaterialswereusedinthe building and development of stonecastles: • HardChalk • Flint • Limestone • Sandstone

  11. Stone Chart

  12. Mortarusedin Stone Castles Mortar (habarcs) consists of bonding materials which are used in masonry, surfacing, and plastering that hardens in place and is used to bind together bricks or stones. The mortar used to bind together the stones when constructing medieval castles was made of water, sand, and lime mixed together.

  13. The Purpose and sites of the Norman Stone Castles • Toactas a fortified post • Toprovide a basewheremen, provisions and horsescould be housed • Tooverawe and frightentheindigenouspopulation • Toprovide a site fromwhichtheNormanscouldgovernthesurroundingdistrict • Toprovide a placefromwhichtheNormanscoulddispensejustice • Theywerebuiltonthehighestgroundinthearea • TheyoftenadjoinedRivers • TheyoftenoverlookedTowns • They made use of existingsitesofRomanorAngloSaxonforts

  14. The Norman Stone Castles were often extensions of, or built around the existing Keeps • Ditches and banks continued to be a feature • Moats were introduced as an added defence feature • The stone for the castles were transported wherever possible via rivers • Roman bricks were also used • Limestone was used for the walls ( giving a cream-coloured finish ) • The Norman Castle Keep (tower) was built as the most protected part of the castle • Massive stone Gateways were introduced • A Barbican ( a tower or other fortification on the approach to a castle) was erected at the gate • The Norman Stone Castles had a rampart - an embankment built around a space for defensive purposes • The wooden Palisades used in the Baileys were replaced with stone walls

  15. Life inthe Norman Stone Castles The Normanswerethevictors - theinvaders of the English AngloSaxons. Life fortheNormanswasgood. Theirsuccessfulinvasion of England meantwealthforthe Norman invaders. Landsweredividedbetween Norman Lords and theybuiltthe Norman Stone Castles . Life inthe Norman MedievalCastlesdependedontherank of thepeoplewhoinhabitedthecastle. The Lord of theCastle and possiblyhisfamilywouldliveinthe most protected part of thecastle - thestone Tower ortheKeep. Servantswould be expectedtoprovidefoodfortheNobles and soldiers. Otheroccupationswithinthecastleweretheblacksmiths - tokeep a supply of arrowheads and bolts, theStablehandstohelpwiththehorsesandthekitchenstaff.

  16. The Number of Norman Stone CastlesbuiltintheMedievalperiod • Between the Battle of Hastings and the Norman Invasion in 1066 and the date that William the Conqueror died in 1087, 86 stone castles and more than 1000 wooden Motte and Bailey castles had been built in England!

  17. Characteristics of Early English Medieval Gothic Style • Large blocks of stone used by Normans were replaced by shaped stone • Norman hollow stone were replaced with solid walls and pillars • Emphasized height • Good use of the pointed arch • The pointed arch could support greater weight, allowing the walls to be thinner with wider window openings • Introduction of flying buttresses distributed the weight of roofs and walls right down to the ground

  18. Windsor Castle

  19. Oldest and largest castle 900 years old Queen Elizabeth II and the Royal family regard Windsor Castle as their home In 1694 a bill, in the English parliament ,to demolish the castle was defeated by just one vote Has been neglected and declared inhabitable and then transformed into a luxurious palace Survived two World Wars,then nearly destroyed by an accidental fire Contains about 1000 rooms Occupies 13 acres of land 100 feet above the river Thames The central mound still in the same position as William the Conqueror built it History and Description of Windsor Castle

  20. Warwick Castle

  21. Warwick Castle • Warwick means ‘dwellings by the weir’ • A weir was a fence or wattle built across a stream to catch or retain fish • Important feature: its access to the River Avon • Equipment and building materials were easily transported by boats • The wooden castle was replaced by fortified stone castle in 1260 • Guys Tower and Ceasar’s Tower were added at the end of the fourteenth century

  22. Interesting facts about Warwick Castle • The building of wooden Warwick Castle started in 1068 • The architecture /style – Norman Romanesque and later Medieval • Built next to the South side of the River Avon • It has over 60 acres ground • It has oubliette (várbörtön), a pit prison

  23. The changes in Medieval Architecture were made in response to • Social and cultural changes during the Medieval era • Changing needs of population • Changes in technology,in terms of building tools,which were available • New building techniques,construction methods • The desire for more comfort in castle Interiors

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