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2014

Výukový materiál MB 04 - 97 Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005 Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR. 2014. CELL METABOLISM.

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2014

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  1. Výukový materiál MB 04 - 97 Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005 Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR 2014 CELL METABOLISM

  2. in the cell 2 processes in progress at the same time: • anabolism: • synthesis of more complicated substances • energy consumption • endergonic processes • catabolism: • fission of complex substances • releasing energy • exergonic processes CELL METABOLISM

  3. conversion of light energy into chemical • process preserving the life on the Earth • conversion of simple inorganic substances (CO2 a H2O into organic - sugars) -anabolism • photosynthetic apparatus: • chloroplasts PHOTOSYNTHESIS

  4. function of pigments: • they absorb the light E – ionisation state > they release energetically rich electrons • basic pigments: chlorophylls a, b, c, d • other pigments: carotenes, xanthophylls, fycocyanin, fycoerytrin • all the pigments hand over the energy of chlorophyll a PHOTOSYNTHESIS

  5. 1. primary process = light phase • it proceeds on the membrane of thylakoids • synthesis of ATP • formation of reduction agent - NADPH + H • photolysis of the water • 2. secondary processes = dark phase • it proceeds in the stroma of chloroplasts • Calvin cycle • Fixation of CO2 • protein Rubisco • ribulose - 1,5 biphosphate • glucose develops > starch THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

  6. energy contained in organic substances must be released as ATP • a part of energy released in the form of the heat • phosphorylation = synthesis of ATP ENERGY RELEASE

  7. ENERGY RELEASE • breaking down energetically rich compounds (sugars, fats) proceeds: • a) without the access of O2 > anaerobic glycolysis • it proceeds in the cytoplasm • a small gain = 2 ATP/1 molecule of glucose !!!! • b) with the use of O2 > oxidative phosphorylation • fixed on the membranes of mitochondria • much more advantageous gain of 36 molecules ATP/1 molecule of glucose

  8. evolutionary more original • all cells are able to do • glucose breaks down into pyroracemic acid = pyruvate C3 • pyruvate transferred: • a) ethanol – alcoholic fermentation • b) lactic acid – lactic fermentation ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS

  9. a very small gain - 2 ATP/ 1 molecule of glucose • it proceeds in the cytoplasm • for lower organisms 2 ATP sufficient for life • ATP originates entirely by the substrate phosphorylation INAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS

  10. glycolysis Krebs cycle or cycle of citric acid electron – transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation 3 STAGES OF CELL RESPIRATION

  11. or the cycle of citric acid • there originates: • CO2 • electrons with a high energy content • it proceeds in mitochondria • process: • pyruvate (pyroracemic acid) broken down into CO2 (decarboxylation) => formation of CO2 !!! • hydrogens taken away (dehydrogenation) • acetyl develops – CoA KREBS CYCLE

  12. ELECTRON – TRANSPORT CHAIN AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION • hydrogens taken away are oxidized in the electron – transport chain respiratory chain by the air oxygen into the water • a large amount of energy releases => formation of ATP • ATP develops by oxidative phosphorylation • it proceeds in the inner membrane of mitochondria

  13. TOTAL GAIN OF CELL RESPIRATION

  14. AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC REDUCTION - SCHEMA pyroracemic acid aerobic reduction anaerobic reduction acetyl coenzyme A lactic fermentation alcoholic fermentation citrate cycle + respiratory chain CO2, H2O + energy ethanol lactic acid

  15. WORKSHEET - COMPLETE ………………… acid ……robic reduction …..erobic reduction Acetyl coenzyme A ………… fermentation …………. fermentation ……………… cycle + respiratory chain

  16. CHALUPOVÁ-KARLOVSKÁ, Vlastimila. Obecná biologie: středoškolská učebnice : evoluce, biologie buňky, genetika : s 558 řešenými testovými otázkami. 2., opr. vyd. Olomouc: Nakladatelství Olomouc, 2010, 206 s. ISBN 978-807-1822-820 • KUBIŠTA, Václav. Obecná biologie: úvodní učební text biologie pro 1. ročník gymnázií. 3. upr. vyd. Praha: Fortuna, c2000, 103 s. ISBN 80-716-8714-6. • ZÁVODSKÁ, Radka. Biologie buněk: základy cytologie, bakteriologie, virologie. 1. vyd. Praha: Scientia, 2006, 160 s. ISBN 80-869-6015-3 • JELÍNEK, Jan a Vladimír ZICHÁČEK. Biologie pro gymnázia: teoretická a praktická část. 2. dopl. a rozš. vyd. Olomouc: Nakladatelství Olomouc, 1998. ISBN 80-718-2050-4 SOURCES

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