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Instrumentation Engineering Essentials: Measurement & Control

Learn the basics of instrumentation engineering - measurement theory, control systems, sensors, and signal processing for automated systems. Enhance efficiency, safety & productivity. Explore measurement of variables and system control.

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Instrumentation Engineering Essentials: Measurement & Control

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  1. University Malaysia Perlis INSTRUMENTATION – ENT165 LECTURER : MOHD SOFIAN BIN MOHAMMAD ROSBI PLV: MS. FARAH HANAN BT MOHD FAUDZI

  2. TIME TABLE

  3. EVALUATION/MARKS DISTRIBUTION • Final Examination = 50% • Coursework = 50% • Laboratory Activity - 30% • Mid-Term Test - 10% • Assignment - 10%

  4. Laboratory activities

  5. Laboratory activities

  6. RECOMMENDED TEXT & REFERENCES TEXT BOOK: Figliola, R.S. & Beasley, D.E., Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements,4th Ed John Wiley & Sons, 2005. REFERENCE BOOKS: • Dally, J.W. et.al., Instrumentation for Engineering Measurements, 2nd Ed, John Wiley & Sons 1993. • Bentley J.P., Principles of Measurement Systems, 4th Ed, Prentice Hall, 2005.

  7. STUDY WEEK TOPICS DISTRIBUTION

  8. WHAT IS MEASUREMENT?? WHAT IS INSTRUMENTATION?? PERSPECTIVE COLLECTIVE ERROR REPEATABILITY

  9. Instrumentation Definition From Wikipedia • Instrumentation is the branch of science that deals with measurement and control in order to increase efficiency and safety in the workplace. A control post of a steam turbine.

  10. Instrumentation Definition • An instrument is a device placed in the field, or in the control room, to measure or manipulate flow, temperature, pressure and other variables in a process. • Instruments include but are not limited to valves, transmitters, transducers, flame detectors and analyzers. Instruments send either pneumatic or electronic signals to controllers which manipulate final control elements (a valve) in order to get the process to a set point, usually decided by an operator. Pneumatic PID controller.

  11. Laboratory activities Instrumentation engineering is the engineering specialization focused on the principle and operation of measuring instruments which are used in design and configuration of automated systems in electrical, pneumatic domains etc. They typically work for industries with automated processes, such as chemical or manufacturing plants, with the goal of improving system productivity, reliability, safety, optimization and stability. To control the parameters in a process or in a particular system Microprocessors , Micro controllers ,PLC's etc are used. But their ultimate aim is to control the parameters of a system.

  12. MEASURING A SINGLE VARIABLE?? MEASURING MULTIPLE VARIABLES?? HOW WERE MEASURED VALUES COMPUTED/CALCULATED/VISUALIZED/SENSED??

  13. Measurements Instrumentation can be used to measure certain field parameters (physical values): These measured values include: • pressure, either differential or static • flow • temperature • density • viscosity • current • voltage • inductance • capacitance • frequency • conductivity • force applied by a liquid or a gas

  14. Control In addition to measuring field parameters, instrumentation is also responsible for providing the ability to modify some field parameters. Some examples include:

  15. Output Measured value Input Sensing element True value Sensing conditioning element Data presentation element Componentsof a General Measurement System Sensing processing element

  16. Components of a General Measurement System Sensing element: In contact with the process & gives a output based on the variable designated to measure. Example: • Thermocouple where milivolt e.m.f depends on temperature • Strain gauge where resistance depends on mechanical strain • Orifice plate where pressure drop depends on flow rate Primary and secondary sensing element??

  17. Components of a General Measurement System Signal conditioning element: Receives the output/SIGNAL from the sensing element then it converts into a more suitable signal for further processing, like a DC Voltage, DC Current or frequency signal. Example: • Deflection bridge which converts an impedance change into voltage change • Amplifier which converts milivolts to volts\ • Oscillator which converts an impedance change into variable frequency voltage.

  18. Components of a General Measurement System Signal processing element: Receives the ouput from the conditioning element and converts it to a suitable form for presentation/display. Example: • Analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) which converts a voltage into a digital form for input to a computer Sample calculation: • Computation of total mass of product gas from flow rate and density data • Integration of chromograph peaks to give composition of gas stream • Correction for sensing element non-linearity

  19. Components of a General Measurement System Data presenting element: Presents the measured value form which is easily understandable or recognized by the observer. Examples: • Simple pointer scale indicator • Chart recorder • Alphanumeric display • Visual display unit (VDU)

  20. The speed of rotation of an engine Data presentation True speed Measured speed Digital display Tacho generator Sensing Frequency Counter Schmit trigger Computer Frequency Signal conditioning Signal processing

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