What Imprint does Agriculture make on the Cultural Landscape?

1. What Imprint does Agriculture make on the Cultural Landscape?

2. Cadastral (Land Survey) Systems • Rectangular Survey System is based on a grid system that creates 1 square mile sections. • Metes and Bounds Survey uses natural features to demarcate irregular parcels of land. • Longlot Survey System divides land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.

3. Dominant Land Survey Patterns in the US

4. Rectangular Survey System– The cultural landscape of Garden City, Iowa reflects the Township and Range system. Townships are 6x6 miles and section lines are every 1 mile.

6. Long Lot survey system

8. Who gets rights to the land? • After the land was divided up, people had to decide who had rights and ownership over the land. • One popular way to determine land ownership that emerged was introduced by the Germans. • Primogeniture is where all the land passes to the oldest son. • This system is still used in many areas around the world.

9. Agricultural Villages • Linear Village • Cluster Village (nucleated) • Round Village (rundling) • Walled Village • Grid Village

10. Village Forms

11. Functional Differentiation within Villages • Cultural landscape of a village reflects: • Social stratification (How is material well being reflected in the spaces of a village?) • Differentiation of buildings (What are they used for? How large are they?)

12. Stilt village in Cambodia Buildings look alike, but serve different purposes.

13. Farm in Minnesota each building serves a different purpose

14. What is the Global Pattern of Agriculture and Agribusiness?

15. World Map of Agriculture Cash Crop and Plantation Agriculture Cotton and Rubber Luxury Crops Commercial Livestock, Fruit, and Grain Agriculture Subsistence Agriculture Mediterranean Agriculture Illegal Drugs

16. Agriculture • Commercial Agriculture Term used to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology. examples: dairy farming, specialized fruit production, cattle ranching, and grain farming ** Commercial = Profit! Leading out of subsistence, into the world of having a surplus and being able to sell it for a profit

17. Cash Crops and Plantation Agriculture • Cash Crops • Form of extensive agriculture • Growing crops for a profit, usually on a large scale • Plantation crops • - cotton, tea, sugarcane, rubber • Typically grown in tropical climates • Plantation agriculture is a form of commercial agriculture and is practiced primarily in developing countries

18. Advances in Transportation and Food Storage - Containerization of seaborne freight traffic - Refrigeration of containers, as they wait transport in Dunedin, New Zealand

19. Agriculture and Climate • Climate Regions (based on temperature and precipitation) help determine agriculture production. • Locations farthest from large bodies of water have the most extreme climates. • Agriculture Regions – drier lands usually have livestock ranching and moister climates usually have grain production.

20. Regions • Squash and beans were first domesticated in Mexico • In South America, they grow sugarcane and use it to produce ethanol • Cereal grains are grown in the greatest quantity worldwide • Wheat, rice, and maize are the three most widely produced grains worldwide • In China, because of Communism, the government dictates the types and quantities of crops grown.

21. World Map of Climates Koppen Climate Classification System

22. Extensive vs. Intensive agriculture • Extensive commercial agriculture • Distance to market is biggest factor • Examples: wheat and grain farming, and livestock ranching • Intensive commercial agriculture • Distance to market is biggest factor • Examples: dairy, truck farming, mixed crop and livestock, and horticulture

23. Agribusiness and the Changing Geography of Agriculture • Commercialization of Crop Production With the development of new agricultural technologies, the production of agriculture has changed. - eg. Poultry industry in the US production is now concentrated farming is turning into manufacturing

24. Agribusiness • Essentially how agriculture has transformed into a mega business with companies owning the commodity chain • Vertical integration: strategy used by a company to gain control over its suppliers or distributers in order to increase the firm’s power in the marketplace, reduce transaction costs, and secure supplies or distribution channels. Ex: Samsung, Tyson • Horizontal Integration: the process of acquiring or merging with competitors, leading to industry consolidation. A strategy where a company acquires, mergers or takes over another company in the same industry value chain. Ex: Delta merged with Norwest Airlines, Microsoft merged with Yahoo!

25. Monoculture • Because of the vast effect of colonialism, many areas around the world were trained to produce and focus on one crop, or one single agricultural commodity. • Colonies became known for certain crops and the colonizers became dependent on that single commodity.

26. Organic Agriculture • Organic Agriculture – The production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers or the raising of livestock without hormones, antibiotics, and synthetic feeds. - sales of organic foods on the rise - grown everywhere - demand in wealthier countries - has become more popular as a response to the widespread use of pesticides in farming

27. Organic Agriculture

28. Aquaculture and Hydroponics • Aquaculture • The farming and cultivation of fish and shellfish such as oysters. • Hydroponics • The practice of cultivating plants in a nutrient-rich water, such as flowers, veggies, fruits…

32. Hydroponics

33. Aquaponics

34. Fair Trade Agriculture • Fair Trade Coffee – shade grown coffee produced by certified fair trade farmers, who then sell the coffee directly to coffee importers. - guarantees a “fair trade price” - over 500,000 farmers - produced in more than 20 countries - often organically produced Fact: Coffee was first domesticated in North Africa approximately 1,200 years ago.

35. Fair trade coffee farmer in El Salvador grows his beans organically and in the shade, allowing him to get a much better price for his coffee.

36. Loss of Productive Farmland Farmland in danger of being suburbanized as cities expand into neighboring farmlands.

37. What results from this? • When the land that was once used for agricultural purposes is now used for development, usually in the form of suburbs and neighborhoods, urban sprawl has taken place.

38. Agriculture began about 10,000-12,000 years ago, probably in the Middle East and separately in the Central China regions. At the time, the dominant form of finding food for humans was the hunter-gatherer method. The method relied on killing animals for food and tools, while roaming the lands to find other food sources, such as fruits, nuts, and roots. The following six agricultural crops have played key roles in feeding millions of people throughout history.

39. Wheat Wheat is a grass originally from the Levant region, extending into the Ethiopian Highlands. Its domestication has been traced to a region of southeastern Turkey. Wheat was grown extensively in the Nile region and served as the basis for Egypt's growth. After the Egyptian Empire becAme a Roman Province, the wheat from the Nile was often the single-largest source of grain for the Romans. In modern times, wheat ranks third in production worldwide, behind corn (maize) and rice.

40. Barley Barley is another cereal grass common to the Fertile Crescent, the area of Northern Africa and Western Asia that includes major rivers like the Nile. It is widely considered the first domesticated crop because it is easy to grow. In addition, barley could also be used to feed animals and was fermented easily, becoming the basis for malts and beers. Extensively cultivated in Egypt, barley was adapted to European climates in what may have been the first large-scale genetic modification of a crop in human history. At present, it still ranks fourth worldwide in production tonnage and land use.

41. Corn, known also as maize, is the most widely produced crop in the world. Originating in the Central American regions, maize was cultivated by the Olmecs and Toltecs, precursor civilizations to the better known Mayans and Aztecs. The base form of maize is a small, leafy plant known locally as "teosinte." Domestication of maize may have begun from 7,000 to 12,000 years ago, and some researchers believe that agriculture arose first in the New World rather than Africa or Asia. Maize became a common staple food and spread throughout the region, so that by 2500 B.C., it was extensively cultivated in North and South America. Spanish explorers brought it to Europe in the 16th century.

42. Rice Rice, another cereal grain, was originally domesticated in the Pearl River valley of China. This may have occurred some 8,200 to 13,000 years ago. Rice is most often cultivated in flooded fields, after the seedlings have been set. This is done to reduce weeds, insects, and other vermin from spoiling the crop. Other methods require much more intensive labor and use of chemicals for fertilization and pest control. As most corn is used for animal feed, rice, as the second most-produced crop in the world, is the one that feeds the most people, especially in Asia and the Caribbean.

43. Soybeans Soybeans are native to East Asia, where they were cultivated for centuries to make soy sauce and soy paste. Introduced to Europe and the U.S. in the 18th century, soybeans were used as a food crop for animals, mainly as hay. The rise of soybeans as a global crop can be traced to the Great Depression, where the severe drought caused the nation's agricultural center to become a veritable "Dust Bowl." Soybeans were discovered to have a strong nitrogen-fixing ability in soil, rendering sterile soil fertile in short time. In addition, soybeans could be processed to create high-protein animal feed, boosting chicken, turkey, and hog growth to unseen heights. These benefits launched soybean as an industrial agriculture crop, along with being a staple of vegetarian and health food diets worldwide.

44. Potatoes Potatoes are another New World crop that originated in domesticated form in what is now southern Peru and northern Bolivia. Over 100 species of potatoes are known in the Americas, all of them growing underground, as tubers. Introduced into Europe in the 16th century, farmers were leery of it. However, by the late 17th century, potatoes were farmed widely. Their nutritious value and ease of storage (in cold environments) made them a staple that is believed to have greatly aided the population boom in Europe from 1700 to 1900. Unfortunately, the limited species available in Europe were affected by the potato blight of the mid-19th century and many thousands died of starvation. Potatoes now make up the fourth most-consumed crop in the world, behind rice, wheat, and barley.