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Introduction to microbiology. Morphology of microorganisms

Introduction to microbiology. Morphology of microorganisms. Vinnitsa National Pirogov Memorial Medical University/ Department of microbiology. Microbiology is a great complex of biological sciences about microorganisms Branches of microbiology Basic or general microbiology

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Introduction to microbiology. Morphology of microorganisms

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  1. Introduction to microbiology.Morphology of microorganisms Vinnitsa National Pirogov Memorial Medical University/ Department of microbiology

  2. Microbiology is a great complex of biological sciences about microorganisms Branches of microbiology Basic or general microbiology Industrial microbiology and biotechnology Pharmaceutical microbiology Agricultural microbiology Veterinary microbiology Sanitary microbiology (microbiology of food, water, soil and air) Medical microbiology

  3. Medical microbiology

  4. Taxonomy of microorganisms • Classification • Nomenclature (binominal system) • Systematic

  5. Ranks of hierarchical arrangement

  6. Main methods of classification

  7. Intraspecies classification Biotype Serotype Phagotype

  8. Present classification of microorganisms Cellular microorganisms non-cellular microorganisms Superkingdom Eucaryotae Procaryotae Kingdom Kingdom Animalia Fungi Eubacteriae Vira Canonical viruses Non-canonical viruses Protozoa

  9. Methods of morphology investigation Light microscopy : Immersion microscopy Dark-field microscopy Phase-contrast microscopy Electron microscopy Luminescent microscopy

  10. Main morphological signs of micro-organisms • Shape • Size • Cell arrangement • Tinctorial properties • Structure: • Capsule • Structure of cell wall • Flagella • Endospores

  11. Cocci. Micrococci Diplococci Tetracocci Streptococci Sarcinae Staphylococci

  12. Rod-shaped forms Bacteria Bacilli Clostridia

  13. Spiral-shaped bacteria. • Vibrio • Spirilla • Spirochaetes Thread-shaped bacteria

  14. Main differences of the cell structure

  15. Structure of the bacteria Cell envelope: -capsule - Cell wall - Cytoplasmicmembrane Outside appendages: -flagella - Pili or fimbria Inside structure: - cytoplasm - nucleoid - ribosomes - mesosomes - Intracellularinclusion

  16. Features of the structure Gram-positive cell wall

  17. Feature of the structure Gram-negative cell envelope

  18. Flagella

  19. Motile bacteria may be divided into: • Creeping • Swimming • (1) monotrichous, • (2) amphitrichous, • (3) lophotrichous, • (4) peritrichous

  20. Pili or fimbriae 1. Common-pili 2. F – pili orsex-pili

  21. Methods for flagella revealing Direct methods (microscopy) Indirect methods wet-mount hanging-drop techniques

  22. Intracytoplasmatic inclusions. Volutin granules

  23. Endospores

  24. Historical development of microbiology • Period before microorganisms were seen • Micrographic period (from the middle of 17th century to the middle of 18th century ; A.van Leeuwenhoek ) • Physiological period (19th century: L. Pasteur, R. Koch) • Immunological period (first part of 20th century: G.Bordet, I.I.Metchnikoff, P.Ehrlich, D.I.Ivanowsky): development of immunology and the start of development of the virology) • Modern (now-day) period (development of molecular immunology, genetic engineering, immunochemistry, microbial genetics and other parts of microbiology)

  25. Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) • He was the first person who observed and described microorganisms (he named their as “animalcules”) • He constructed first microscope with magnification about 50 to 300 times

  26. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) • He established that fermentation was the result of microbial activity • He introduced techniques of sterilization and made steam sterilizer, hot air oven, and autoclave • He showed that microorganisms do not arise by spontaneous generation • He elaborated methods of pathogenic microorganisms attenuation • He developed rabies vaccine and anthrax one

  27. Robert Koch (1843-1910) • He elaborated methods of staining and cultivation of microorganisms • He discovered causative agents of anthrax (1877), cholera (1883) and tubercle bacillus (1882) • He proposed techniques for pure culture isolation • He elaborated criteria for proving relationship between a microorganism and a specific diseases (Koch's postulates) • The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent in healthy organism • The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture • The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host • The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host

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