the modern world formed on horseback

1. the modern world formed on horseback

2. the modern world formed on horseback Part 1 – Temujin, a personal history Part 2 – Moving out of the Steppe Part 3 – Lasting effects

3. Putting Temujin into context Julius Caesar • Father was governor of province • Mother descended from an aristocratic family • Became Emperor by routing an already weak Senate • After death Roman Republic dissolved

4. Putting Temujin into context Alexander the Great • Father was king of Macedon • Became king when father died • Left behind no heir and Empire quickly fell apart

5. Putting Temujin into context • Noble family with immense wealth • Coup against French republic and elected leader of military government • Ended up exiled, died of stomach cancer, and had little impact outside of Europe Napoleon

6. Putting Temujin into context • Father was killed when he was 9 • Mother was a second-wife and victim of kidnapping • Spent childhood in abject poverty and slavery • Became Khan through 15 years of constant warfare • After death children and grandchildren established empires on three continents Temujin aka – Genghis Khan

7. Tribal Divisions on the Steppe The Clan – Basic Social Building-block

8. Tribal Divisions on the Steppe Relations Between Clans

9. Tribal Divisions on the Steppe Steppe People in a Larger Political World

10. Tribal Divisions on the Steppe Steppe Peoples’ Greatest Enemy Themselves Tribalism………… Elitism…………… Fractioned………. Feuding…………..

11. Tribal Divisions on the Steppe • The Secret History of the Mongols • Written between 1227 and 1300 A.D. likely by someone who knew Temujin personally • Written in the Uyghur script (Mongolian) and translated into Chinese by 1300 A.D. • A mix of myth, folklore, military history, and political propaganda • But also a remarkable insight into Mongolian society • Russian and Chinese communist governments attempted to destroy it in the 1940-1960s as they feared it would lead to Mongolian nationalism • Becomes much more accessible after fall of USSR and is now considered a key story for all Mongolians

12. Tribal Divisions on the Steppe • The Secret History of the Mongols • The story to this point…. • Mongols are a small tribe who were ruled by Ambaghai • Ambaghai has recently died in a battle against the Tartars, another nearby tribe • Temujin’s father has recently kidnapped his second wife, Hogelun from another nearby tribe

13. Tribal Divisions on the Steppe Reading Guide Ambaghai Khan – local leader of Temujin’s clan Yesugei– Temujin’s father HogelunUjin– Temujin’s mother Temujin= Chinngis Khan = Genghis Khan Khasar, Khachigun, Temuge, and Temulun= Temujin’s siblings Begterand Belgutei– Temujin’s half-brothers

14. Tribal Divisions on the Steppe Post-Fratricide

15. Tribal Divisions on the Steppe Kidnapping as a Pivotal Event

16. Tribal Divisions on the Steppe Temujin as military leader

17. Uniting the Steppe How is Temujin so successful in uniting the steppe people? Classic theories …………….Military prowess ……….Sociopathic bloodlust ……………………Technology

18. Uniting the Steppe How is Temujin so successful in uniting the steppe people? Surprisingly…. his treatment of family life?

19. Distribution of wealth among widows and children • Adoption of women and children from conquered groups • Decimal system for organizing military and society • Destruction of aristocracy • Forbade kidnapping and enslavement of steppe peoples • All children considered legitimate Uniting the Steppe

20. Moving off the Steppe Mongol Steppe Uyghur Tangut Jurchen Dynasty Song Dynasty

21. Moving off the Steppe • War with China • Mongol allies • Khitan (prior rulers of China) • Tangut (Tibetan Buddhists) • Uighur (Chinese Muslims)

22. Moving off the Steppe What were some of the reasons given for the success of the Mongols?

23. Moving off the Steppe • China Campaign • Perfect ability to siege cities • First taste of Wealth • Destroy Greatest Enemy • Acquire Chinese scientists, engineers, scribes, artists, and intellectuals

24. Moving off the Steppe Control over the Silk Road – working with Muslim Uighurs Conflict with central asian sultans – played the Arabs and Persians against the Turkish leaders War against the elite War in Central Asia

25. Moving off the Steppe Mongol Steppe Uyghur Tangut Jurchen Dynasty Khwarezmian Empire Song Dynasty

26. Moving off the Steppe

27. Moving off the Steppe • Central Asian Expedition • Control over Silk Road and Commerce • Closer contact with Islam • Propaganda becomes important tool • Focus on destroying • Aristocracy • Brings Muslim metal-workers, scribes, religious leaders, and glass-blowers back to Asia

28. The beginning of the end • Temujin’s sons fight over succession • Rift between eldest and others over parentage • Temujin’s reliance on friends over family

29. After Genghis………..

30. After Genghis……….. Poland Russian Territories Hungary Mongol Steppe Bulgaria Uyghur Tangut Jurchen Dynasty Khwarezmian Empire Song Dynasty

31. European Invasion • Very little wealth accrued • Showed sons and grandsons were capable of leadership • Brought European miners, clergy, and architects back to Asia

32. Breakup of the Empire

33. Long-term impacts of mongol empire Silk Road and Trade • Tied together Middle East, Central and Eastern Asia • Exchange of goods, ideas, beliefs, language • Tremendous wealth created for artists • Control shifted from Sultans to Khans and Chinese – begins the economic decline of the Islamic world • Transformation from pastoralists to traders – still based on constant movement and work with animals

34. Long-term impacts of mongol empire Technology and Knowledge • Gunpowder brought to Middle East and Europe • Chinese astronomy, chemistry, and agriculture spread to Islamic countries • Islamic knowledge of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine brought back to China • Standardized calendar • Printing with moveable letters • Religious freedom

35. Long-term impacts of mongol empire Power Balance • Middle East and Eastern Europe greatly weakened • China became dominant force in Asia, Tibet’s influence increased • Western Europe largely untouched by military, but gained benefits of new technologies as well as weakened enemies

36. Long-term impacts of mongol empire European Renaissance? • Most important technological advancements of Renaissance • Gunpowder • Printing with movable type • Compass • ALL brought to Europe through Mongols • Secular government and religious tolerance also important concepts pushed by Mongols • Mongol attacks on Islamic countries helped European power interests