Assessing E-waste Recycling in Asia-Pacific Countries

1. Regional Centre Small Grant Programme with financial support from Norway. Progress Report --- Assessing the Status of E-waste Recycling in Selected Countries in the Asia-Pacific Region and Facilitating the Environmentally Sound Management of E-waste Dr. Xiong SHI, Ms. Yuan Chen Basel Convention Regional Centre for Training and Technology Transfer for Asia and the Pacific Region 2015-1-20

2. Outline Background Objectives and Activities Progress of the project Next （Final report）

3. Background • Rapid economic growth in most Asia and the Pacific countries is increasing the amounts of e-waste. • Most of the countries in Asia and the Pacific do not have systematic policies and legislation on environmentally sound management (ESM) of e-waste, and the e-waste dismantling and treatment technology and facilitiesare often not meet the standards. • It is necessary to determine the status of laws and regulations, standards, recycling technologies and facilities dealing with e-waste and then to analyze the gaps/needs and priority areas/activities to facilitate the environmentally sound management (ESM) of e-waste in Asia-Pacific region.

4. Objectives

5. Activities Activity1 – Study on the criteria on ESM of e-waste and develop the evaluation method( ESM elements list); Compilation of the status of legal frameworks, technologies and facilities in the area of e-waste in project countries , conducted by the nominated consultant from every participating country. Activity 2 - Analysis, stakeholder consultation and synthesis of the information on status and management of e-waste through Activity 3 – Final Report preparation.

6. Project design Analysis and synthesis Final project implementation report Compare and analyze the gap between the current status and the ESM-related requirements Propose priority activities/areas to facilitate e-waste ESM in Asia-Pacific region. Closed to Completed Survey on status of e-waste management in selected counties Technologies and facilities Regulations and policies Desk research and compilation of laws, regulations and policies on e-waste management Questionnaire to gather more detailed information Field visits to all the selected countries Consultations and workshops Study on the criteria on ESM of e-waste Project organization Completed

7. Project Schedule

8. Progress of the project ESM may be defined as taking all practicable steps to ensure that used and/or end-of-life products and wastes are managed in a manner which will protect human health and the environment (ESM Criteria Recommendations , PACE, 2009) Basel Convention Text (Article 2, Definitions): Environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes or other wastes means taking all practicable steps to ensure that hazardous wastes or other wastes are managed in a manner which will protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects which may result from such wastes. OECD Guidance Manual on ESM of Waste (Working Definition): A scheme for ensuring that wastes and scrap materials are managed in a manner that will save natural resources, and protect human health and the environment against adverse effects that may result from such wastes and materials.

9. Progress of the project • Criteria on ESM of e-waste As stipulated in the guidelines on ESM of e-waste, criteria on ESM come down to management of e-wastes in the whole process. Flow of e-waste in the guidelines[1] [1] 《Revised guideline on environmentally sound testing, refurbishment and repair of used computing equipment》

10. Assessment method on environmentally sound management status for e-waste treatment facility Criteria on ESM 1- Top Management Commitment to a Systematic Approach • This criteria provide a broad set of skills，a devices-specific expertise and operational controls, which aims at helping to tackle the environmentally sound management. 2 - Risk Assessment 3 - Risk Prevention and Minimization 4 - Legal Requirements Assessment Elements List(draft) has been developed based on environmentally sound management criteria, it will be used to assess the management level of e-waste facilities. 5 - Awareness, Competency and Training 6 - Record-keeping and Performance Measurement 7 - Corrective action 8 - Transparency and Verification

11. Assessment Elements List(draft)

12. Assessment Elements List(draft)

13. Assessment Elements List(draft) – 8 parts

14. Status on legislation China WEEE Related National Standards and Specifications in China

15. Status on legislation Cambodia

16. Status on legislation Mongolia • There are no structures and legislation or regulation for e-waste in Mongolia. • Laws dealing with solid waste: “Law on household and industrial solid waste on 2003”, “Methods of waste payment evaluation and norm setting”, “Classification and characteristics and hazard level of waste”, and “Solid waste disposal construction, sort of dumps and their requirements, responsible persons and organization’s activities”. • Laws dealing with hazardous waste: “Law on prohibition of importing, transit and export of hazardous waste”, “A rule on classification, collection, temporary storage, transportation, treatment of hazardous wastes” (2002), “Regulation and procedures on disposal and landfill of hazardous waste of business entities”, “Payment calculation methodology for hazardous waste” (2006), “Regulation on labeling hazardous waste” (2006), and “Regulation on national reporting and inventory of hazardous waste” (2009).

17. Status on legislation Sri Lanka • The WEEE is not yet addressed by policy in Sri Lanka. The legislative framework of waste management in Sri Lanka is provided laws in three levels; Government, Provincial Council and Local Authority level. • “National Environmental (Protection & Quality) regulation” for the management of Hazardous Waste • Sri Lanka parliament has approved the Environment Conservation Levy bill on mobile phones on 9th April 2008，which sets a 2% monthly tax on the total mobile bill is charged as a measure taken to protect the environment and came into effect from August 15th as gazetted on 1st August 2008. • National Waste Electrical and Electronic Policy and Guidelines have already been prepared. The Central Environmental Authority is the responsible institution for WEEE management.

18. Status on legislation India • Before promulgation of the special regulation, e-waste management observes “Hazardous Waste Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement Rules, 2008” • “E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2011” has come into force since 1st May 2012in India. This regulation is applicable to IT and telecommunication equipment and Consumer electrical and electronic equipment, applies to every producer, consumer or bulk consumer involved in the manufacture, sale, purchase and processing of electrical and electronic equipment or components. This document also provides guidance on setting up collection mechanism, dismantling and recycling operations, which has become an important part of the national system。 • EPR is main feature of the “E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011”, • Apart from the responsibilities, the rules also stipulates the procedures for seeking authorization and registration for handing e-waste, the ways to reduce the use of hazardous substances in manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment, and miscellaneous.

19. Conclusion on legislation • China has formulated numerous laws and regulations pertaining to e-waste management, forming a relative complete system; • India has the special law to guide management of e-waste, which came into force in 2012； • E-waste related legislation have been prepared in Sri Lanka. • Cambodia has no Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management. • Management of E-waste in Mongolia is a initial period, there is no special regulation.

20. Status on Activities/Facilities China Treatment Facilities distribution in China • Until May 2014, more than 110 e-waste enterprises obtained the e-waste treatment qualification certificate; 91 qualified enterprises have been authorized to be funded, in which total treatment capacyty about 100 million units WEEE per year. • 15 enterprises are expected to be authorized to list in fund subsidies list,with a total of 106 enterprises

21. Status on Activities/Facilities China Technologies CRT disassembly line Treatment scheme

22. Status on Activities/Facilities Separation equipment for CRT glass by heating wire method Fluorescent Powder collecting

23. Status on Activities/Facilities Cambodia(to be updated) • Collection and Transportation • At the moment, retailer’s/ producer’s take back system and producer’s/ retailer’s transportation system is non existent in PPM/through country. • There is no exclusive municipal collection and transportation system for E-waste in Cambodia. • Dismantler’s in informal sector have their own collection and transportation system. There are a lot of preparing sectors of used EEE. • Dustbins are utilized for E-waste disposal. • while waste pickers use hand carts for transportation of E-waste. • Vehicles from municipal solid waste transportation company pick E-waste residues from the bins for disposal at waste dump site.

24. Status on Activities/Facilities Mongolia Mobile phone repair shop Dismantling mobile phone at repair shop In Ulaanbaatar city, 45.1% of total electrical and electronic waste is being reused, 23.0% is being recycled(parts containing metals) and 31.9% is disposed. Second hand shop Dismantling CRT tv at repair shop Dismantling and treatment Repair shops usually buy WEEE from household users at a relative low price, but they do not have professional disposal facilities; thus, environmental pollutions are mainly caused by this channel of e-waste disposal.

25. Status on Activities/Facilities Sri Lanka Currently Sri Lanka does not have a comprehensive E waste recycling facility. Hence the formal sector activities only confined up to dismantling for exportation. As of the current situation government encourages exportation of E wastefor recycling by fulfilling the country’s regulatory requirements as well as international obligations on Transboundary movements of Hazardous Waste and other international laws. (Eg. Basel Conventions transboundary movement procedure). Currently there are few such exporters operating their E waste management facilities where simple dismantling activities are being going on and they are said to be the key the key players of the e waste management system in the country while there are few illegal export operations also in practice.

26. Generator Formal sector Informal sector E waste collected through EPR Direct exports E waste collected through special programmes and events E waste collected from Formal sector E- waste handlers E waste generated in House hold E waste Collectors bearing export license and Basel Convention’s consent from importing countries E waste collected from informal sector E waste generated in cooperate /business /public sector establishments Export Un authorized E waste exporters Flow Diagram of Electronic waste management system

27. Progress of the project India Collecting The India's E-waste management system is not formally developed. Based on the study and analysis, of the Indian E-waste scenario, the life cycle of the EEE in India can broadly be divided in to three levels (EEE generation/ WEEE generation/ WEEE re-processing). Dismantling and Recycling India has a lucrative market for reusable products through repair, reconditioning and component reuse, and refurbishing shops are common. Only primary products of the Indian market are actually repaired or re-used in appreciable quantities.

28. Progress of the project Plastic Recycling hotspots in Delhi (Toxics Link, 2011)

29. Conclusions on recycling • E-waste dismantling technology/facilities in China mainly includes CRT、LCD、Computer、Washing Machine and Refrigeration(5 types)； • Currently Sri Lanka does not have a comprehensive E waste recycling facility; • In Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia, there are repair shops who conducting dismantling , 23.0% is being recycled and 31.9% is disposed. • There are only repair shops and informal sectors for E-waste dismantling in Cambodia; • The India's E-waste recycling system exists, but not formally developed.

30. Next steps In order to analyze the gaps/needs on ESM for the e-waste related facilities through the assessment method and propose priority activities/areas for the selected countries to improve ESM.