War at Sea

1. War at Sea By: Olivia Anand Paige cordle Buck horn

2. German Navy (before the war) By 1914 2nd largest navy in the world Due to the fact that the Kaiser granted for a massive increase of the navy

3. British Navy (before the war) #1 Preformed some of the same jobs as will in the war Increased its naval empire after news of Germany’s expansion

4. WEAPONS Battle Ship Cruiser Other Dreadnought Battlecruiser Submarine scouts, hunts lone ships Types: Armored Protected Scout Light set mines, attack boats Other Types: Destroyers- destroy torpedo boats Torpedo Boats- fast, carried torpedoes highly armed Types: Pre Semi Regular

5. Anti-Submarine/U-boat Tactics Setting up light wool nets to hang below the ship to catch incoming torpedoes (fail) Ramming the submarines when emerge -19 sunk Depth charges-bombs that explode at a certain depth -1915-1917(fail=9 sunk) -1918 (success) 22 sunk Placing mines at different depths -75 sunk

6. Sir Reginald Hugh Spencer Bacon • Admiral John Arbuthnot Fisher “greatest Royal Navy Admiral since Nelson” -pushed for the development of larger and far more powerful battleships, Dreadnought -greatly improved gunnery standards -encouraged the conversion from coal to oil power -criticized for initiating the arms race with Germany • commander of the Dover Patrol • known for his innovative thinkingfrom ship design to electricity to submarines • he conducted the first Royal Navy trials to mining

7. Battle of Jutland (May 1916) Largest Surface Naval Battle British vsGermany(epic) -British strategy was to lure the Germans into open battle in the North Sea -basically Germany kept retreating to areas with more German ships and British kept following them Casualties- Britain- lost 3 battle cruisers, 3 cruisers, 8 destroyers, and 6,100 total men Germany- lost 1 battleship, 1 battle cruiser, 4 light cruisers, 3 destroyers, and 2,550 men

8. Sir David Beatty Sir John Rushworth Jellicoe Admiral of the British grand fleet during second half of WWI -commander of the prestigious 1st Battlecruiser Squadron of Britain -led the Battlecruiser Fleet at the Battle of Jutland • Britain's best-known Admiral at the start of WWI • successful at maintaining an economic blockade of Germany • criticized for being too cautious

9. Admiral Franz von Hipper aka “the 'baby killer' of the German navy” known for his bold raids on the British coast led the High Seas Fleet his squadron, the High Seas fleet initiated the hostilities at the Battle of Jutland where he succeeded in inflicting severe damage on Beatty's squadron and, towards the close of the battle, saved Admiral Scheer’s fleet by a remarkably bold (and apparently suicidal) charge towards Jellicoe’s battleships Strong advocated of unrestricted submarine warfare against the British

10. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (1915-17) The Germans saw they could not beat the British when they were forced to retreat in the Battle of Jutland Bethman Hollweg, the German Chancellor, decided on enforcing unrestricted submarine warfare as part of the German strategy Germany was, however, concerned with the attitude of the Americans, because they did not want to bring them into the war. They were fearful that a submarine would attack a neutral, legal American ship transporting goods to the Allies and cause the U.S. to enter the war Soon the sinking of the Lusitania soon occurred and “help cause” the U.S. to enter the war two years later

11. Lusitania (May 7th 1915) Despite the warnings in the papers the day of the departure, the Lusitania was full of passengers Of the dead 128 were Americans This established the German’s new way of attacking by submarine, when previously they had surfaced and allowed the passengers to leave the boat

12. Captain Walter Schwieger captain of a German U-boat-20 sank the Lusitania with a single torpedo April 30th 1915 known for attacking ships without warning them also known for firing at any neutral ships he suspected to be British

13. Naval Treaties (after war) *tonnage means carrying capacity in tons 1921-22 - Washington Naval Treaty - Britain, United States, Japan, France and Italy agreed to limit the displacement and main armament of capital ships, aircraft carriers and cruisers, and total tonnage and age of the first two categories. 1927 - Geneva Naval Conference failed to reach agreement on total tonnage of cruisers, destroyers and submarines. 1930 - London Naval Treaty - Britain, US and Japan agreed on total tonnage, tonnage and armament limitations for cruisers, destroyers and submarines. Also that no new capital ships were to be laid down until 1937. Neither France nor Italy were signatories. 1934 - The 1932 Geneva Disarmament Conference finally broke down and Japan announced its intention to withdraw from the 1922 and 1930 Naval Treaties when they expired in 1936. Planning started on the giant battleships of the Yamato class. 1935 Anglo-German Naval Agreement - Germany was allowed to build a fleet up to 35% of British total tonnage and 45% of submarines. Parity in numbers of submarines was allowed if notice was given 1936 London Protocol -The major powers including Germany agreed to prohibit unrestricted submarine warfare against unarmed ships

14. Sailor Life • Life at sea during WWI was something new for all armies as the arms race as well as the industrial revolution gave birth to bigger, badder, faster and more powerful ships, changing the course of war at sea forever • The submarine proved to be a deadly weapon through history, being able to creep up into enemy territories and sink ships without any warning. This was one of the greatest fears for the sailors, as well as the attack from the air. • A sailor’s life at sea during the war was one of the most stressful jobs to say the least. With such large ships it was easy for them to be targeted from the air and even from the shore. • During the war it was also common for ships to be captured by other countries and kept as a POW. Sailors had to know many different tactics from how to fight the battle in the water to moving cargo and supplies around Europe and even defending themselves from intruders.  • War at sea for sailors was not easy, with many worries and lots of pressures, to tight living spaces and little food, sailors carried out an important role in the war.

15. SUMMARY! The war at sea was often about the blockade and transportation of goods, rather than direct conflict. S Submarines were a useful tactic because they required little man power, took little time to build and added the aspect of mass unpredictability The Germans “mastered” this versatile weapon by using unrestricted submarine warfare That led to the sinking of the Lusitania and eventually the U.S. entering the war Large battles between warships were uncommon in this war, even though several ships were built during this time More individual sinking of ships

16. Bibliography http://europeanhistory.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJ/Ya&zTi=1&sdn=europeanhistory&cdn=education&tm=29&f=10&tt=14&bt=0&bts=0&zu=http://www.firstworldwar.com/battles/sea.htm http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWsea.htm http://www.worldwar1.co.uk/warship.html http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/unrestricted_submarine_warfare.htm techcenter.davidson.k12.nc.us/Group9/seawar.htm www.gwpda.org/naval/csayrch1.htm www.britannica.com/EBchecked/.../Dardanelles-Campaign