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Explore the challenges faced by the early United States during the volatile 1790s. Learn about internal problems like the uneducated masses and monarchy, as well as external issues with Spain, Great Britain, and France. Discover the tremendous growth in population, cotton exports, and overall US exports during this time. Dive into Washington's presidency, the rivalry between Jefferson and Hamilton, the 1st party system, and the newspaper war. Witness the conflicts with France, the unraveling of the Federalists, and the presidency of Jefferson and Adams. Finally, delve into the causes and results of the War of 1812.
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The Early Republic (1789-1820) • Problems: • Internal: • Uneducated masses • Monarchy • Legislature • External: • Spain, Great Britain, France
The Early Republic (1789-1820) • Tremendous growth: • Population: 1790 - 3.9 mil; 1820 - 9.6 mil • Cotton export: 1794 - 2 mil; 1820 - 128 mil • Total US export: 1791 - $19 mil; 1807 - $108 mil • Geographic expansion
Washington’s Presidency • Washington’s election • Setting precedents • Title • 1st lady • Cabinet: • State: Jefferson • Treasury: Hamilton • War: Knox • VP: Adams • Chief Justice: Jay • Rivalry in the Cabinet • Jefferson vs. Hamilton
Jefferson: French Rev. Contradictions “Republican” States Ties to France Agrarian, expansive nation Hamilton: Illegitimate, immigrant Aide to GW “Federalist” National govt. Ties to England Urban, industrial nation Jefferson vs. Hamilton Conflict between order and liberty
Washington’s Presidency • The 1st party system: Federalists and Republicans • The volatile 1790s: • Yellow fever • Financial panics • Taxpayer revolts • Violent protest • Sedition act • Fights in congress • The Duel • Parties: Principled, yet compromise • The Presidency
Washington’s Presidency • Republican party first • Washington’s presence • House of Representatives • Federalist rule • Hamilton’s winning streak: • Fund debt,; taxes; national bank • Shades of British system • Repay war debt (Madison system rejected) • Assumption of state debt (Madison rejected) • Whiskey tax • National bank • How to fight back? Rally public opinion!
Washington’s Presidency • The newspaper war • Freneau, National Gazette • Fenno, Gazette of the United States • The 1792 campaign • Media • Letters • Pamphlets • Madison’s reversal • Hamilton’s attacks • The 1792 election
Washington’s Presidency • Foreign affairs: • France or Britain? • “Independent Internationalism” • Commercial alliances • Stay out of war • Westward expansion • 1793 Proclamation of Neutrality • Treaties with England and Spain (Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty)
Washington’s Presidency • Election of 1796 • Farewell Address • No entangling alliances
John Adams as President • Conflict with France • “X,Y,Z Affair” • The Federalists unravel: • Immigration • Alien & Sedition Acts • Standing army • Taxes • The Sedition law • The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Jefferson as President • The Election of 1800 • The “Revolution of 1801” • Marbury v. Madison • Judicial review • Louisiana Purchase • Haitian slave rebellion • Embargo Act
Mr. Madison’s War • Causes of the War of 1812 • Impressment • Leopard/Chesapeake • Economic warfare • Indian attacks • Canada?
Mr. Madison’s War • War of 1812 • Treaty of Ghent • Results of the war: • National pride • Westward expansion • Military growth • Transportation