PSYCHOLOGY

1. PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 13 Motivation And Emotion R. M. Tolles

2. Motivation

3. Motivation • Motivation • a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior • Instinct • complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

4. Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking) Need (e.g., for food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst) Motivation • Drive-Reduction Theory • the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

5. Motivation • Homeostasis • tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state • regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level • Incentive • a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

6. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential • begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied • then higher-level safety needs become active • then psychological needs become active Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

7. Motivation-Hunger • The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

8. Eating Disorders • Anorexia Nervosa • when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve • usually an adolescent female • Bulimia Nervosa • disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

9. Motivation at Work • Flow • a completely, involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills • Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology • the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

10. Motivation at Work • Personnel Psychology • sub-field of I-O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development • Organizational Psychology • Sub-field of I-O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

11. Motivation at Work • Structured Interview • process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants • rated on established scales • Achievement Motivation • a desire for significant accomplishment • for mastery of things, people, or ideas • for attaining a high standard

12. Motivation at Work • Personnel psychologists’ tasks

13. Motivation at Work • 360-degree feedback

14. Motivation at Work • On the right path

15. Motivation • Task Leadership • goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals • Social Leadership • group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

16. Motivation • Theory X • assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money • workers should be directed from above • Theory Y • assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity

17. Emotion

18. Emotion Emotion a response of the whole organism physiological arousal expressive behaviors consciousexperience

19. Theories of Emotion Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?

20. James-Lange Theory of Emotion Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion)

21. Cannon-BardTheory of Emotion Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: physiological responses subjective experience of emotion Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Fear (emotion)

22. Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion To experience emotion one must: be physically aroused cognitively label the arousal Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Fear (emotion) Cognitive label “I’m afraid”

23. Cognition and Emotion The brain’s shortcut for emotions

24. Two Routes to Emotion

25. Two Dimensions of Emotion Positive valence pleasant relaxation joy Low arousal High arousal fear anger sadness Negative valence

26. Emotion and Physiology Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Pupils dilate Decreases Perspires Increases Accelerates Inhibits Secrete stress hormones Parasympathetic division (calming) Pupils contract Increases Dries Decreases Slows Activates Decreases secretion of stress hormones EYES SALIVATION SKIN RESPIRATION HEART DIGESTION ADRENAL GLANDS

27. Experienced Emotion The ingredients of emotion

29. Experienced Emotion Infants’ naturally occurring emotions

30. Experienced Emotion The Amygdala--a neural key to fear learning

31. Experienced Emotion Catharsis emotional release catharsis hypothesis “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges Feel-good, do-good phenomenon people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

32. Experienced Emotion Subjective Well-Being self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life used along with measures of objective well-being physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life