Warm Up - 5 mins to study for Eye Quiz

1. Warm Up- 5 minsto study for Eye Quiz

2. Transduction Cornea Pupil Iris Lens Accommodation Retina Rods Cones Thalamus Occipital (visual) cortex Optic Nerve Fovea Word Bank

3. Chapter 5: Sensation pt. 2

4. Mariachi or Old Folks

5. 3 Faces In One

6. 9 People?

7. Old Man or Lovers Kissing

8. A Young Woman or…

9. A Grouchy Clown

10. A Clown…

11. Or a Circus

12. Color Constancy • Human Beings maintain Color Constancy: perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if lighting changes to alter the wavelength given off by the object.

13. Context Affects Color • We only retain color constancy when the context remains the same. • Same color will look different when compared in different contexts.

14. Sense 2: Hearing (Audition) • The loudness of a sound is determined by a waves amplitude (height.) • The frequency, number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time, determines the sounds pitch: the tones highness or lowness.

15. Hearing Threshold Hearing is measured in decibels. Zero decibels is considered the threshold of hearing.

16. Parts of the Ear • Outer Ear: • Job:Gather sound waves to eardrum. • Parts: auditory canal and eardrum. • Middle Ear • Job: To Amplify and concentrate the vibrations onto cochlea’s oval window. • Parts: Ossicles, made up of three tiny bones: hammer, anvil, and stirrup (malleus, incus, and stapes) • Inner Ear • Job:To change sound waves into neural impulses • Parts: Oval Window, Cochlea, Basilar Membrane, Hair Cells.

17. Process of Hearing • Your outer ear channels sound waves to the eardrum or tympanum. • Your eardrum vibrates with sound waves • This causes 3 tiny bones called the ossicles (the hammer, anvil and the stirrup) of your middle ear to vibrate

18. Process of Hearing 4. The vibrating stirrup pushes against the oval window of the cochlea in the inner ear. The cochlea is fluid filled and waves are created. 5. Inside the cochlea is a basilar membrane with hair cells that are bent by the vibrations and are transduced into a neural impulse

20. Process of Hearing 6. Hair cells synapse with auditory neuron whose axons form the auditory nerve 7. The auditory nerve transmits sound messages though your medulla, pons and thalamus to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe. • What cell is triggers neural impulses in the eye?

21. Inner Ear and Vestibular Sense • The semicircular canals are connected to the cochlea by the vestibular sacs. • The semicircular canals contain substance that move when our head rotates or tilts and allows us to maintain our vestibular sense:sense of our body movement and position

22. How Do We Perceive Pitch: 2 Theories • Hemholtz’s Place Theory:argues we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places in the cochlea’s membrane…easily explains high pitches since these pitches are highly localized. • Frequency Theory: We sense pitch by the basilar membrane in cochlea vibrating at the same rate as the sound. Explains low pitch well…. • Volley Principle- alternate firing to get over 1000 fires per sound

23. How Do We Locate Sounds Why is Having 2 Ears Important?

24. Parallel Processing • Just like with vision, audition involves parallel processing • Time difference • Intensity • memories

25. Hearing Loss • Conductive Hearing Loss: hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea like eardrum and ossicles. • Solution to Conductive Hearing Loss? • Hearing aid

26. Hearing Loss • Sensorineural Hearing Loss:damage caused to cochlea’s receptor cells (hair cells) or auditory nerves. • Solution? • Cochlear Implant

27. Older People Suffer Most Hearing Loss With High Frequency Sounds

28. Cochlea Stirup Hammer Sound waves Neural impulse Transduction Oval window Anvil Ossicles Outer ear Eardrum/tympanum Basilar membrane Hair cells On a separate pieces of paper put these words in the correct order of how we hear and in your own words tell me how we hear DO NOT JUST COPY YOUR NOTES

29. Warm up – page 34 • 1. What is the difference between Sensor neural and conductive hearing loss? • 2. Why do we have 2 ears? • 3. What is the purpose of function of the hammer, anvil and stirrup? • 4.How do we transform sound waves into perceived sound? • What is the Place Theory? • What is the Frequency Theory?

30. Touch • Premature Babies • Monkeys • Skin sensations are a variation of the basic 4 • Pressure • Warmth • Cold • Pain

31. Sense #3: Touch • Pain Is a Good Thing! • Gate Control Theory: • theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain • “gate” opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers • “gate” closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain

32. Social Influence On Pain -Pain is both a physiological and a psychological phenomenon. -Depending on symptoms, doctors may use drugs, surgery, etc. or relaxation training, thought distraction. Example: Lamaze Method

33. Memories of Pain • More to our memories of pain than the pain we experienced. • People tend to overlook duration of pain and instead concentrate on its peak moments and how much pain they felt at the end. • What do doctors do because of this? • Taper down procedures

34. Senses 4 & 5: Taste and Smell • Why are Taste and Smell studied together?

35. Taste • 4 Basic Sensations • Sweet • Sour • Salty • Bitter • 200 taste buds • Reproduce every 1 or 2 weeks • Older= decrease in taste buds • Smoking and Alcohol= decrease in taste buds

36. Taste and Smell • Taste and Smell are both chemical senses. • Tongue is central muscle for taste which contain taste buds. • Smell runs through receptor cells in nasal cavity which are send neural signals to the olfactory bulbs in the brain.

37. Smell • 5 million receptor cells at the top of your nasal cavity • Detect 10,000 odors • Decreases with age • Have your own chemical signature

38. Smell • Nasal Cavity brings the smell up to your receptors • Receptor cells send the message to the brain’s olfactory bulb • Then to the temporal lobe’s primary smell cortex • Parallel Processing

39. Olfactory nerve Olfactory bulb Receptor cells in olfactory membrane Nasal passage

40. Smell and Emotion • Sense of smell activates areas in limbic system involved in emotion and memory. • Smells can often evoke memories of the past or emotional experiences more often than most other senses.

41. Sensory Restriction • People born without access to a sense, compensate with development of stronger other senses. • Sensory Restriction has produced mixed results depending on context: Early Experiments: disorientation, hallucinations, etc.