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Word Relations, Sense Relations and Doublets

Word Relations, Sense Relations and Doublets. Concepts and forms from Lesson XXII. Word Relations. Words mean what they mean because they contrast with other words or word choices. Euphemism Hyperbole

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Word Relations, Sense Relations and Doublets

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  1. Word Relations, Sense Relations and Doublets Concepts and forms from Lesson XXII

  2. Word Relations • Words mean what they mean because they contrast with other words or word choices. • Euphemism • Hyperbole • Oppositions: analog watch, acoustic guitar, grandé, economy, superior, satisfactory, whip, mix, frappé, blend, liquefy.

  3. Word Relations • Taxonomy: hierarchical relations • Meronymy: part-whole relations • Synonymy: shared designation • Antonymy: relations of opposition

  4. Kinds of Antonyms • Gradable antonyms • Simple antonyms • Converses • Reverses • Antipodals

  5. Gradable Antonymsversus Simple Antonyms • Gradable antonyms (e.g., young-old, fast-slow) welcome various kinds of intensifers: very, really, extremely, a lot. • Simple antonyms (e.g., male-female, extant-extinct) do not. • Gradable antonyms can both be false. • Simple antonyms cannot both be false.

  6. Gradable Antonymsversus Simple Antonyms • Which of the following pairs of antonyms are simple and which are gradable? • private-public • clean-dirty • enemy-friend • cold-hot • temporary-permanent • young-old • legal-illegal

  7. Sense Relations • A word with two or more possible meanings is called an ambiguous word. • There are two sources of ambiguity: homonymy and polysemy. • A word with multiple possible meanings need not beambiguous; it may simply be vague.

  8. A Test for Ambiguity • Take a sentence containing and. • Assume one sense of your ambiguous word on one side of the and and another sense on the other: Pat went to the bank and so did Leslie, Pat and Leslie went to the bank. • Is the result odd or funny? • If so, the word you’re testing is ambiguous.

  9. Doublets • Definition. A pair of English words descended from a common base in Latin, one of which was borrowed directly from Latin and the other of which came into English via French. • The Frenchified version of the Latinate word tends to have missing or ‘softened’ consonants, and altered vowel qualities, especially diphthongs.

  10. Doublets FACT feat (fait)/fashion (façon) fact/faction REG royal (royale) regal

  11. Can you Guess the Doublet? • Fashion • Chase • Grace • Balm • Comply • Overture • Hostel

  12. New Bases (XXII) • GRAT • MISC, MIXT • MOV, MOT • NEG • PURG • VULG

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