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Vatican II: The Event and Its Message for Today

Vatican II: The Event and Its Message for Today. With the passing of the years, the Council documents have lost nothing of their value and brilliance ……

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Vatican II: The Event and Its Message for Today

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  1. Vatican II: The Event and Its Messagefor Today

  2. With the passing of the years, the Council documents have lost nothing of their value and brilliance …… Now that the Jubilee has ended, I feel more than ever in duty bound to point to the Council as the great grace bestowed on the Church in the twentieth century; there we find a sure compass by which to take our bearings in the century now beginning. (NM 157)

  3. Forty years after the Council, we can show that the positive is far greater and livelier than it appeared to be in the turbulent years around 1968. Today, we see that although the good seed developed slowly, it is nonetheless growing; and our deep gratitude for the work done by the Council is likewise growing. Address to the Roman Curia, 2005

  4. Cardinal Avery Dulles sj Achievements of the Council • Aggiornamento • The Reformability of the Church • Renewed Attention to the Word of God • Collegiality • Religious Freedom

  5. Cardinal Avery Dulles sj Achievements of the Council .. cont’d • The Active Role of the Laity • Regional and Local Variety • Ecumenism • Dialogue with Other Religions • The Social Mission of the Church

  6. The Context Catholicism in the 1950s • Marks of “Catholic identity” • Friday abstinence • Latin liturgy • devotion to Mary and saints • devotion to the pope • .. • ..

  7. The Larger Context Twenty Ecumenical Councils • Council of Nicea (325) • First Council of Constantinople (381) • Council of Ephesus (431) • Council of Chalcedon (451) • Second Council of Constantinople (553) • Third Council of Constantinople (680-681) • Second Council of Nicaea (787) • Fourth Council of Constantinople (869) • First Lateran Council (1123) • Second Lateran Council (1139)

  8. The Larger Context Twenty Ecumenical Councils .. cont’d. • Third Lateran Council (1179) • Fourth Lateran Council (1215) • First Council of Lyons (1245) • Council of Lyons (1274) • Council of Vienne in France (1311-1313) • Council of Constance (1414-1418) • Council of Basle (1431), Ferrara (1438), Florence (1439)

  9. The Larger Context Twenty Ecumenical Councils .. cont’d. • Fifth Lateran Council (1512-1517) • Council of Trent (1545-1563) • First Vatican Council (1869-1870)

  10. The Larger Context • Protestant Reformation • Catholic Reform • Council of Trent (1545-1565) • St Ignatius of Loyola • St Therese of Avila • St Charles Borromeo

  11. The Larger Context First Vatican Council 1869-1870 • Pastor Aeternis • papal primacy • papal infallibility • Dei Filius • faith and reason

  12. The Larger Context The “Pian era” • 150 years from Pius VII (1800) to Pius XII (1958) • Rejection of the modern age • Enlightenment • French Revolution

  13. The Larger Context The “Pian era” • The Modernist Crisis • Alfred Loisy • George Tyrell • Pius IX • Syllabus of Errors (1864) e.g. The Roman Pontiff can, and ought to, reconcile himself, and come to terms with progress, liberalism and modern civilization • Pius X • Condemnation of “the Modernists”, Pascendi Dominici Gregis (1907) • Oath against Modernism

  14. The Larger Context In the 19th century under Pius IX, the clash between the Church's faith and a radical liberalism and the natural sciences .... had elicited from the Church a bitter and radical condemnation of this spirit of the modern age. Christmas Address of Pope Benedict XVI to the Roman Curia, 2005.

  15. The Larger Context Thus, it seemed that there was no longer any milieu open to a positive and fruitful understanding, and the rejection by those who felt they were the representatives of the modern era was also drastic. Christmas Address of Pope Benedict XVI to the Roman Curia, 2005.

  16. The Immediate Context In the meantime, however, the modern age had also experienced developments. • the American Revolution v. the French Revolution, as a model of a modern state. • natural sciences – recognition of limitations imposed by their own method. So it was that both parties were gradually beginning to open up to each other. Christmas Address of Pope Benedict XVI to the Roman Curia, 2005. Revolution.

  17. The Immediate Context World War I World War II

  18. The Immediate Context Encyclicals of Pope Pius XII Mystici Corporis (1943) - Church Divino Afflante Spiritu (1943) – Biblical Studies Mediator Dei (1947) – Liturgy Humanai Generis (1950) – Modern Thought

  19. 1959 TheImmediate Context • Fidel Castro becomes Premier of Cuba 1960 • U.S. U-2 spy plane shot down over Russia • Belgian Congo granted full independence • John F. Kennedy elected President of the United States • Three women admitted to the ministry of the Swedish Lutheran • Church • American Heart Association issues a report attributing higher • death rates among middle-aged men to heavy smoking of • cigarettes

  20. 1961 The Immediate Context • UN General Assembly condemns apartheid • Unsuccessful invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs • Berlin Wall constructed • Dag Hammarskjöld killed in air crash • Adolf Eichmann found guilty • Yuri Gagarin (U.S.S.R.) orbits the earth 1962 • Cuban missile crisis • Uganda and Tanganyika become independent

  21. 1963 The Immediate Context • Civil rights demonstrations in Birmingham, Ala., culminate in the arrest of Martin Luther King Jr. and the calling out of 3,000 troops by President Kennedy • 200,000 Freedom Marchers descend on Washington to protest • discrimination • Nuclear test ban treaty signed by the United States, Soviet Union and Great Britain • Nov. 22: President John F. Kennedy assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas.

  22. The Immediate Context 1964 • U.S. destroyer attacked off coast of North Vietnam; U.S. aircraft attack North Vietnam bases • Race riots break out in cities across the United States as reaction against enforcement of civil rights laws • U.N. Peace Force takes over in Cyprus • Yasser Arafat takes over leadership of Al-Fatah movement

  23. 1965 The Immediate Context • Pope Paul VI addresses U.N. assembly in New York • Outbreaks of racial violence in Selma, Ala.; Martin Luther King Jr. leads march of 4,000 people from Selma to Montgomery • Race riots in Watts district of Los Angeles, 35 dead, 4,000 arrests • Students demonstrate in Washington against U.S. bombing of North Vietnam

  24. The Council The Calling • 25 January 1959 Pope John XXIII announced the Council • at Church Unity Octave celebration in St Paul’s Outside the Walls • previous popes had considered it • Pius XI in early 1920s • Pius XII in early 1950s • 14 July he announced that it would be called “Second Vatican Council”

  25. The Council Goals of Pope John XXIII • to promote “the enlightenment, edification and joy of the entire Christian people” • to extend “a renewed cordial invitation to the faithful of the separated churches to participate with us in this feast of grace and brotherhood, for which so many souls long in all parts of the world.”

  26. The Council Challenges The relationship between faith and modern science …. but also historical science. Christmas Address of Pope Benedict XVI to the Roman Curia, 2005. Pope Benedict XVI

  27. The Council Challenges Secondly, it was necessary to give a new definition to the relationship between the Church and the modern State that would make room impartially for citizens of various religions and ideologies. Christmas Address of Pope Benedict XVI to the Roman Curia, 2005.

  28. The Council Challenges Thirdly, linked more generally to this was the problem of religious tolerance - a question that required a new definition of the relationship between the Christian faith and the world religions. Christmas Address of Pope Benedict XVI to the Roman Curia, 2005.

  29. The Council Challenges In particular, before the recent crimes of the Nazi regime and, in general, with a retrospective look at a long and difficult history, it was necessary to evaluate and define in a new way the relationship between the Church and the faith of Israel. Christmas Address of Pope Benedict XVI to the Roman Curia, 2005.

  30. The Council Preparation Ante-preparatory phase (May 1959 - 5 June 1960) • appointment of the “ante-preparatory commission to gather opinions from bishops and others about issues needing action • letter (not a questionnaire) sent to 2,598 ecclesiastics • 1,998 responded (77%)

  31. The Council The “preparatory” phase proper • responses from bishops (5000 pages) • responses from institutions (2000 pages) • sifting, organisation and formulation into texts

  32. The Council Responses In general: the responses called for • continuance of the Church as it was • condemnations of modern evils in and outside the church • further definitions of doctrine

  33. The Council The Infrastructure • Ten Preparatory Commissions • 850 clergy • almost two-thirds not from Roman Curia • the burden of work fell to the Roman members • A Central Coordinating Committee • Secretariat for Christian Unity • to liaise with other Christian bodies over “participation” • Task: to produce in two years documents that could be submitted to the council for discussion • produced six volumes of documentation (5000 pages)

  34. The Council The Opening - 11 Oct 1962 • the biggest meeting in the history of the world • 2,856 invitations had been sent to: • 85 cardinals • 8 patriarchs • 533 archbishops • 2,131 bishops • 26 abbots • 68 superiors of religious orders of men • Vatican 1 (750) • Trent (29-200)

  35. The Council The Vision We feel we must disagree with those prophets of gloom, who are always forecasting disaster, as though the end of the world were at hand. Opening Speech of Council, October 11, 1962 Pope John XXIII

  36. The Council The Vision Pope John XXIII The salient point of this Council is not, therefore, a discussion of one article or another of the fundamental doctrine of the Church which has repeatedly been taught by the Fathers and by ancient and modern theologians, and which is presumed to be well known and familiar to all. For this a Council was not necessary. Opening Speech of Council, October 11, 1962

  37. The Council The Vision The substance of the ancient doctrine of the deposit of faith is one thing, and the way in which it is presented is another. And it is the latter that must be taken into great consideration with patience if necessary, everything being measured in the forms and proportions of a Magisterium which is predominantly pastoral in character. Opening Speech of Council, October 11, 1962 Pope John XXIII

  38. The Council The Vision The Church has always opposed these errors. Frequently she has condemned them with the greatest severity. Nowadays however, the Spouse of Christ prefers to make use of the medicine of mercy rather than that of severity. She considers that she meets the needs of the present day by demonstrating the validity of her teaching rather than by condemnations. Opening Speech of Council, October 11, 1962 Pope John XXIII

  39. The Council The Vision The Catholic Church, therefore, considers it her duty to work actively so that there may be fulfilled the great mystery of that unity, which Jesus Christ invoked with fervent prayer from His heavenly Father on the eve of His sacrifice. Opening Speech of Council, October 11, 1962 Pope John XXIII

  40. The Council The Participants

  41. Pope John XXIII • Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (1881-1963) • 28 October 1958 - Cardinal Angelo Roncalli • of Venice became Pope John XXIII • Called Council Jan. 1959 • First session of the Council (Oct. 11-Dec. 8, 1962) • Died June 3, 1963

  42. Pope Paul VI • Giovanni Battista Montini (1897-1978) • Archbishop of Milan 1954 • Elected to papacy June 21, 1963 • Second to Fourth Sessions of Council

  43. Archbishop Karol Wojtyla (1920-2005) • Archbishop of Krakow • Cardinal 1967

  44. Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani (1890–1979) • “semper idem” • Named Cardinal by Pius XII in 1963 • Secretary of the Holy Office (1959-1966) • Pro-Prefect of Congregation for Doctrine of the Faith (1966-1968) • President of Theological Commission of Second Vatican Council

  45. Archbishop Pericle Felici • Canon Lawyer • Secretary of the Central Preparatory Commission • General Secretary of the Second Vatican Council • Cardinal 1967 (1911–1982)

  46. Cardinal Augustin Bea sj • Rector of the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome (1930 - 1949) • Confessor to Pope Pius XII • Named a Cardinal 1959 • President of the Secretariate for Christian Unity (1960 -1966)

  47. Franz Cardinal König (1905-2004) • Archbishop of Vienna (1956-1985) • Named Cardinal by Pope John XXIII in 1958 • Founder of Pro Oriente • President of Secretariat for Non-Believers (1965-1980)

  48. Cardinal Lèon-Joseph Suenens (1904–1996) • Archbishop of Mechelen–Brussel (1961) • Named Cardinal by Pope John XXIII in 1962 • Member of Central Preparatory Commission • One of four Moderators of the Council

  49. Cardinal Giacomo Lercaro (1891–1976) • Archbishop of Bologna • Member of Co-ordinating Commission • One of four Moderators of the Council

  50. Josef Cardinal Frings (1887 – 1978) • Archbishop of Cologne (1942-1969) • Named Cardinal by Pope PiusXII in 1946 • Member of Central Preparatory Commission • A Council President • Fr Joseph Ratzinger was his theological advisor

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