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Explore the significant differences between French/Dutch and Spanish/British colonial efforts in the Americas, the impact of the Columbian Exchange, and the beginnings of a new colonial empire in Period 2. Understand European motivations, three types of colonies, and reasons for 17th-century migrations. Learn about the Law of Primogeniture, joint-stock companies, and British colonization in the Americas. Delve into the Jamestown settlement, conflicts with the Powhatan Confederacy, and cultural clashes in the Chesapeake region. Discover the challenges faced by early colonists and the consequences of these interactions.
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Do Now: Presented by • What was the most significant difference between French/Dutch efforts to colonize the Americas and Spanish/British efforts to colonize? • What was the Columbian Exchange and how did it impact both the New and the Old World?
Beginnings of a New Colonial Empire Period 2 Introduction and Day 1 Mr. Winchell APUSH
European Motivations for Colonization Atlantic Coast, Canada Protestant 1. Farmers 2.Religious Dissidents Agriculture Towns / Plantations MANY NO GOoMW!
Reasons for European Migrations to the Americas in the 17th century
Law of Primogeniture = oldest sons are eligible to inherit land estates. • This meant that younger sons were forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere. • Raleigh, Drake
Joint-stock company • Forerunner of the modern corporation • Investors pooled their capital ($)
WYNTK… • The original purpose of the Virginia Company (J-S co) was to make a profit for investors.
Timing was perfect • Peace with Spain • Population growth provided workers • Joint-stock companies provided money • Motives • Unemployment • Adventure • Religious freedom
England Plants the Jamestown Seedling • Virginia Company of London • J-S company • Received a charter from King James I for a settlement • Charter= Legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a state purpose, and spelling out the rights and obligations. • British colonial charters guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of Englishmen, which helped solidify colonists’ ties to Britain during the early years of settlement. • Wanted to find a passage through the Americas to the Indies • Was only intended to last for a few years before investors liquidated profits • Pressured colonists to strike it rich
The Virginia Company set sail in 1606 with 3 ships • Landed near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, where Indians attacked them. • They pushed further up the bay, choosing a location on the heavily wooded but mosquito filled banks of the James River. • The river was named after King James I. • The site was easy to defend. • Mosquitos=malaria • The men disembarked their ships and started the settlement known as Jamestown.
Jamestown proved to be a nightmare. • 40 colonists died during the initial voyage in 1606-1607. • The 1609 expedition lost both its leaders and supplies during a shipwreck off of Bermuda. • Once ashore, settlers died of disease, malnutrition, and starvation. • The surrounding woods and waters offered food but many settlers were concerned with finding gold. • Colonists were driven to eat dogs, cats, rats, mice, and even corpses. • One man killed his wife and ate her, which he was executed for. • Winter of 1609-1610, known as the “starving time” • Adult life expectancy: 40 years • Death of children before age 5: 80%
WYNTK… • The survival rate of colonists in Jamestown’s first two decades was less than 20%.
Jamestown saved by Captain John Smith. • Took over the colony in 1608. • He whipped the gold-hungry colonists into shape with discipline. • “He who shall not work shall not eat.” • Smith was kidnapped in December, 1607 and subjected to torture by local Indian chief, Powhatan, • Pocohantas, Powhatan’s daughter, “saved” Smith by intervening. • She became an intermediary between the colonists and the Indians. V
New Governor= Lord De La Warr • Imposed harsh, military regime • Aggressive military action against Indians
Cultural Clashes in the Chesapeake • Powhatan Confederacy
First Anglo-Powhatan War • Lord De La Warr used “Irish tactics” against Indians. • He was a veteran of the vicious campaigns against the Irish. • Troops raided villages, burned houses, confiscated provisions, and torched cornfields. • Peace settlement ended the war in 1614, sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas and colonist John Rolfe. • First known interracial union in Virginia. • Natives were angry and food stealing colonists and ravaged by disease. • They struck back in 1622. • A series of attacks left 347 colonists dead, including Rolfe. • Periodic, punitive raids systematically reduced the Indian population. • Allowed colonists to move further west.
Second Anglo-Powhatan War, 1644 • Peace treaty of 1646 repudiated any thoughts of assimilating the Indians into Virginian society. • Excluded an option of peaceful coexistence. • Banished the Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral lands. • 1669 census showed only 2,000 Indians remained in Virginia • 10% of original population • Powhatan peoples fell victim to the 3 D’s: disease, disorganization, and disposability.
WYNTK… • Virginia’s leaders did not promote a policy of peaceful assimilation of the Indians. • The English policy was to defeat Indians militarily and drive them onto separated territory. • There was also little intermarriage. • Jamestown was saved from failure by: • John Smith’s leadership. • John Rolfe’s introduction of tobacco.
The Indian’s New World • Indians took to horses, usually stolen, strayed, or purchased from Spanish. • Horses caused migration into the Great Plains region. • Sioux adopted a way of life as mounted, nomadic, buffalo hunters. • Disease • Extinguished entire cultures. • Epidemics often robbed tribes of elders who preserved the oral traditions that held clans together. • Commerce • Decline of barter networks. • Firearms were purchased from Europeans. • Intensified competition among tribes for access to prime hunting grounds that could supply furs that Europeans traded for. • Escalating cycle of Indian-on-Indian violence.
Virginia: Child of Tobacco • John Rolfe = father of tobacco and economic savior of Jamestown. • 1612- perfected methods of raising and curing the crop, eliminating most of the bitterness. • Increased the demand for tobacco in Europe. • Crops were planted in streets and in between graves. • The need for more land, edging out more Native Americans. • Tobacco = more land = plantation system = slave labor or servitude. • Most colonists at first had a difficult time purchasing slaves. • By 1650, Virginia counted 300, or 14% of the population.
Indentured Servitude • Headright System: • The system in which indentured servants were brought to the colonies. • Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid. • Indentured Servant Contracts: • 5-7 years. • Promised “freedom dues” [land, £] • Forbidden to marry. • 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!
Virginia: Child of Tobacco Virginia: Child of Tobacco • Representative self-government, 1619 • The Virginia Company authorized the settlers to establish an assembly, known as the House of Burgesses. • James I grew hostile toward Virginia. • He hated tobacco • Distrusted the House of Burgesses. • He revoked the charter in 1624 • The Virginia Company was bankrupt • Made it a royal colony directly under his control
Growing Political Power • The House of Burgesses established in 1619 & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in England • Control over finances, militia, etc. • By the end of the 17th century, H of B was able to initiate legislation. • A council appointed by royal governor • Mainly leading planters. • Functions like House of Lords. • High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.
WYNTK… • Representative government was first introduced to the Americas in the colony of Virginia.
WYNTK… • Push and Pull factors • PUSH = • Restlessness • Curiosity • Adventure • Self-confidence, sense of nationalism, patriotism. • Popular monarchy • Large population boom • Enclosure Unemployment • Law of primogeniture • Religious Persecution • PULL = • Capital or investment • Potential profit • Religious Freedom • Religious conversion to some extent
WYNTK… • Jamestown was nearly lost. • The early years could be characterized by: • Starvation • Disease (malaria due to mosquitos in swampy area) • Frequent Indian raids • Saved from failure by: • John Smith’s leadership and use of discipline and structure. • John Rolfe’s introduction of the tobacco crop. • The cultivation of tobacco resulted in the following: • The destruction of the soil. • A demand for controlled labor. • Prosperity. • Plantation system. • Indians (Powhatans) lost to the Europeans because: • They died in large numbers from disease. • They lacked unity despite the numerous tribes. • They were not a reliable labor source.
