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Do Now: Presented by. What was the most significant difference between French/Dutch efforts to colonize the Americas and Spanish/British efforts to colonize? What was the Columbian Exchange and how did it impact both the New and the Old World?. Beginnings of a New Colonial Empire.
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Do Now: Presented by • What was the most significant difference between French/Dutch efforts to colonize the Americas and Spanish/British efforts to colonize? • What was the Columbian Exchange and how did it impact both the New and the Old World?
Beginnings of a New Colonial Empire Period 2 Introduction and Day 1 Mr. Winchell APUSH
European Motivations for Colonization Atlantic Coast, Canada Protestant 1. Farmers 2.Religious Dissidents Agriculture Towns / Plantations MANY NO GOoMW!
Reasons for European Migrations to the Americas in the 17th century
Law of Primogeniture = oldest sons are eligible to inherit land estates. • This meant that younger sons were forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere. • Raleigh, Drake
Joint-stock company • Forerunner of the modern corporation • Investors pooled their capital ($)
WYNTK… • The original purpose of the Virginia Company (J-S co) was to make a profit for investors.
Timing was perfect • Peace with Spain • Population growth provided workers • Joint-stock companies provided money • Motives • Unemployment • Adventure • Religious freedom
England Plants the Jamestown Seedling • Virginia Company of London • J-S company • Received a charter from King James I for a settlement • Charter= Legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a state purpose, and spelling out the rights and obligations. • British colonial charters guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of Englishmen, which helped solidify colonists’ ties to Britain during the early years of settlement. • Wanted to find a passage through the Americas to the Indies • Was only intended to last for a few years before investors liquidated profits • Pressured colonists to strike it rich
The Virginia Company set sail in 1606 with 3 ships • Landed near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, where Indians attacked them. • They pushed further up the bay, choosing a location on the heavily wooded but mosquito filled banks of the James River. • The river was named after King James I. • The site was easy to defend. • Mosquitos=malaria • The men disembarked their ships and started the settlement known as Jamestown.
Jamestown proved to be a nightmare. • 40 colonists died during the initial voyage in 1606-1607. • The 1609 expedition lost both its leaders and supplies during a shipwreck off of Bermuda. • Once ashore, settlers died of disease, malnutrition, and starvation. • The surrounding woods and waters offered food but many settlers were concerned with finding gold. • Colonists were driven to eat dogs, cats, rats, mice, and even corpses. • One man killed his wife and ate her, which he was executed for. • Winter of 1609-1610, known as the “starving time” • Adult life expectancy: 40 years • Death of children before age 5: 80%
WYNTK… • The survival rate of colonists in Jamestown’s first two decades was less than 20%.
Jamestown saved by Captain John Smith. • Took over the colony in 1608. • He whipped the gold-hungry colonists into shape with discipline. • “He who shall not work shall not eat.” • Smith was kidnapped in December, 1607 and subjected to torture by local Indian chief, Powhatan, • Pocohantas, Powhatan’s daughter, “saved” Smith by intervening. • She became an intermediary between the colonists and the Indians. V
New Governor= Lord De La Warr • Imposed harsh, military regime • Aggressive military action against Indians
Cultural Clashes in the Chesapeake • Powhatan Confederacy
First Anglo-Powhatan War • Lord De La Warr used “Irish tactics” against Indians. • He was a veteran of the vicious campaigns against the Irish. • Troops raided villages, burned houses, confiscated provisions, and torched cornfields. • Peace settlement ended the war in 1614, sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas and colonist John Rolfe. • First known interracial union in Virginia. • Natives were angry and food stealing colonists and ravaged by disease. • They struck back in 1622. • A series of attacks left 347 colonists dead, including Rolfe. • Periodic, punitive raids systematically reduced the Indian population. • Allowed colonists to move further west.
Second Anglo-Powhatan War, 1644 • Peace treaty of 1646 repudiated any thoughts of assimilating the Indians into Virginian society. • Excluded an option of peaceful coexistence. • Banished the Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral lands. • 1669 census showed only 2,000 Indians remained in Virginia • 10% of original population • Powhatan peoples fell victim to the 3 D’s: disease, disorganization, and disposability.
WYNTK… • Virginia’s leaders did not promote a policy of peaceful assimilation of the Indians. • The English policy was to defeat Indians militarily and drive them onto separated territory. • There was also little intermarriage. • Jamestown was saved from failure by: • John Smith’s leadership. • John Rolfe’s introduction of tobacco.
The Indian’s New World • Indians took to horses, usually stolen, strayed, or purchased from Spanish. • Horses caused migration into the Great Plains region. • Sioux adopted a way of life as mounted, nomadic, buffalo hunters. • Disease • Extinguished entire cultures. • Epidemics often robbed tribes of elders who preserved the oral traditions that held clans together. • Commerce • Decline of barter networks. • Firearms were purchased from Europeans. • Intensified competition among tribes for access to prime hunting grounds that could supply furs that Europeans traded for. • Escalating cycle of Indian-on-Indian violence.
Virginia: Child of Tobacco • John Rolfe = father of tobacco and economic savior of Jamestown. • 1612- perfected methods of raising and curing the crop, eliminating most of the bitterness. • Increased the demand for tobacco in Europe. • Crops were planted in streets and in between graves. • The need for more land, edging out more Native Americans. • Tobacco = more land = plantation system = slave labor or servitude. • Most colonists at first had a difficult time purchasing slaves. • By 1650, Virginia counted 300, or 14% of the population.
Indentured Servitude • Headright System: • The system in which indentured servants were brought to the colonies. • Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid. • Indentured Servant Contracts: • 5-7 years. • Promised “freedom dues” [land, £] • Forbidden to marry. • 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!
Virginia: Child of Tobacco Virginia: Child of Tobacco • Representative self-government, 1619 • The Virginia Company authorized the settlers to establish an assembly, known as the House of Burgesses. • James I grew hostile toward Virginia. • He hated tobacco • Distrusted the House of Burgesses. • He revoked the charter in 1624 • The Virginia Company was bankrupt • Made it a royal colony directly under his control
Growing Political Power • The House of Burgesses established in 1619 & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in England • Control over finances, militia, etc. • By the end of the 17th century, H of B was able to initiate legislation. • A council appointed by royal governor • Mainly leading planters. • Functions like House of Lords. • High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.
WYNTK… • Representative government was first introduced to the Americas in the colony of Virginia.
WYNTK… • Push and Pull factors • PUSH = • Restlessness • Curiosity • Adventure • Self-confidence, sense of nationalism, patriotism. • Popular monarchy • Large population boom • Enclosure Unemployment • Law of primogeniture • Religious Persecution • PULL = • Capital or investment • Potential profit • Religious Freedom • Religious conversion to some extent
WYNTK… • Jamestown was nearly lost. • The early years could be characterized by: • Starvation • Disease (malaria due to mosquitos in swampy area) • Frequent Indian raids • Saved from failure by: • John Smith’s leadership and use of discipline and structure. • John Rolfe’s introduction of the tobacco crop. • The cultivation of tobacco resulted in the following: • The destruction of the soil. • A demand for controlled labor. • Prosperity. • Plantation system. • Indians (Powhatans) lost to the Europeans because: • They died in large numbers from disease. • They lacked unity despite the numerous tribes. • They were not a reliable labor source.
