Department of Social Development nodal baseline survey: Kgalagadi results

1. Department of Social Development nodal baseline survey: Kgalagadi results

2. Objectives of overall project • Conduct socio-economic and demographic baseline study and situational analyses of DSD services across the 14 ISRDP and 8 URP Nodes • Integrate existing provincial research activities in the 10 ISRDP nodes of the UNFPA’s 2nd Country Programme • Monitor and evaluate local projects, provide SLA support • Identify and describe types of services being delivered (including Sexual Reproductive Health Services) • Establish the challenges encountered in terms of delivery & make recommendations regarding service delivery gaps and ultimately overall improvement in service delivery • Provide an overall assessment of impact of these services • Project began with baseline & situational analysis; then on-going nodal support; and will end in 2008 with second qualitative evaluation and a second survey, a measurement survey that looks for change over time.

3. Methodology for generating these results • First-ever integrated nodal baseline survey in all nodes, urban and rural • All results presented here based on original, primary data • Sample based on census 2001; stratified by municipality in ISRDP and wards in URP; then probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling used in both urban and rural, randomness via selection of starting point and respondent; external back-checks to ensure fieldwork quality • 8387 interviews completed in 22 nodes • Sample error margin: 1.1% - nodal error margin: 4.9% • This presentation is only Kgalagadi data: national report and results are available from DSD.

4. How to read these findings • Baseline survey on 5 major areas of DSD/government work: • Poverty • Development • Social Capital • Health Status • Service Delivery • Indices created to track strengths and challenges in each area; and combined to create a global nodal index. Allows comparison within and across node, overall and by sector. • Using this index, high index score = bad news • Nodes colour-coded on basis of ranking relative to other nodes • Red: Really bad compared to others • Yellow: OK • Green: Better than others

5. Findings • Detailed baseline report available • Published November 2006 • Detailed findings across all nodes • Statistical tables available for all nodes • Background chapter of secondary data available for each node • Qualitative situation analysis available per node • This presentation • High level Kgalagadi-specific findings • Kgalagadi scorecard on key indicators • Identify key strengths/weakness for the node and target areas for interventions • What next? • 2008 will see qualitative evaluation and second quantitative survey to measure change over time

6. Kgalagadi scorecard Compared with other nodes, Kgalagadi scores relatively well across the indexes used here. No red lights are flashing, and social capital, development awareness and health all score positive, as does the global composite index, suggesting that Kgalagadi is performing relatively well compared with other ISRDP nodes.

7. Poverty index The poverty deficit index is based on 10 indicators (see table below), given equal weighting. Kgalagadi has the (equal) 5th lowest level of poverty among the 14 ISRDP nodes.

8. Poverty deficit Priority areas - higher than average incidence of no regular income (119% higher than ISRDP average), no RDP-level water, illiteracy, unemployment and lack of refuse removal. The positives - lower than average incidence of no electricity, informal dwellings, etc.

9. Poverty analysis • We saw that Kgalagadi has the 5th lowest levels of poverty in the ISRDP. Key challenges remain, in socio-economic as well as service delivery areas: • The rate of unemployment was 83% (the ISRDP average was 78%) • 79% of respondents did not have their refuse removed (compared with an ISRDP average of 75%) • 78% did not have RDP-level sanitation • 72% did not have water to RDP standard • 42% of respondents were functionally illiterate (ISRDP average was 38%) • The node is performing better than others in some areas - though these remain priorities as absolute levels remain high: • 50% of households were female-headed (53% ISRDP average) • 6% had no electricity for lighting (30% ISRDP average)

10. Social capital deficit • This graph measures the social capital deficit - so high scores are bad news. • Social capital includes networks of reciprocation, trust, alienation and anomie, membership of civil society organisations, and so on. • Kgalagadi rates 2nd best on social capital among the 14 ISRDP nodes, a very positive finding

11. Social capital deficit For example, read as: anomie was 18% higher than the ISRDP average, but all other items were more positive than the ISRDP average

12. Development deficit • This index measures respondents’ awareness of development projects, of all types, carried out by government and/or CSOs. It is a perception measure - not an objective indication of what is actually happening on the ground. • Kgalagadi enjoys the best level of development awareness among the ISRDP nodes. This is an extremely positive finding.

13. Development deficit Strengths - awareness of all types of development project as well as government and CSO provision

14. Service delivery deficit Kgalagadi ranks sixth on service delivery out of the 14 ISRDP nodes

15. Service delivery – weaknesses Weaknessesinclude most aspects of basic service delivery, e.g. respondents were 308% more likely in this node to rate the quality of education as poor than the ISRDP average, 73% more likely to rate quality of transport as poor, 68% more likely to rate health quality as poor when compared with ISRDP average and so on

16. Service delivery – strengths Strengths: Include some aspects of basic service delivery (e.g. respondents are 39% less likely to rate water quality as poor than ISRDP average) and participation in local decision making (e.g. respondents are 73% less likely to report that they did not participate in the IDPs than the ISRDP average)

17. Service Delivery: Main Features • Other important services provided by DSD such as Children Homes, Rehabilitation Centres and Drop-In Centres worryingly received almost no mention by respondents and signals very low awareness of these critical services. • Urgent thought should be given as to how best to raise awareness across the node with respect to these under utilised services - and how to increase greater penetration of DSD services as well as grants in the node even though the node is doing better than the ISRDP average

18. Health Deficit Kgalagadi is rated the fourth best of the 14 ISRDP nodes in respect to health measures

19. Health deficit Priority Areas: Respondents are 10% more likely to report that they had difficulty accessing health care than the ISRDP average.

20. Health • Alcohol Abuse was also reported as the major health problem in Kgalagadi by 40% of respondents (higher than the average of 28% across all nodes) • HIV and AIDS was also reported as a major health problem in node, by a quarter of all respondents (26%, lower than the average of 30% across all nodes, as was TB (25% of respondents mentioned this vs. an ISRDP average of 16%) • Men were as likely as women to rate their health as poor • Youth were as likely as older adults to rate their health as poor • Access to health services, perceived to be worse than the ISRDP average, in particular • 65% of respondents reported distance to health facility as being a problem • 50% of respondents reported paying for health services as being a problem • These findings highlight the key health issues facing those in the node and point to the need for an integrated approach that focusses on the issues of HIV and AIDS, alcohol abuse and TB, and also takes into account the challenges respondents face in accessing health care • Poverty and the health challenges of HIV and AIDS TB and, alcohol abuse and access to health facilities cannot be separated and whatever intervention is decided upon should be in the form of an integrated response to the challenges facing Kgalagadi residents

21. Proportion who agree that both parties in a relationship should share decision - making Read as: Majority in the node support the view that most decisions in the household require joint decision-making by both partners

22. Proportion supporting statements about female contraception Read as: Node is still deeply conservative as myths about contraception are widely held, in only one instance is the node is better than ISRDP average.

23. Proportion who agreed that a man is justified in hitting or beating his partner in the following situations Read as: Support for violence against women in all situations is much lower in this node than the ISRDP average and points to a high proportion of very positive attitudes about Gender Based Violence in the node. Encouraging to note that the differences between males and females, and young and old, in terms of attitudes towards Gender Based Violence are not large - these positive attitudes have been absorbed by all within the node

24. Attitudes towards abortion Read as: There is conditional support for abortion by two thirds of respondents (69%) in this node, much higher than the ISRDP average (49%)

25. Sexual Reproductive Health & GBV • Findings point to the need for nuanced campaigns around contraception and their very close link with conflicting attitudes towards women in Kgalagadi • Encouraging to note the the positive attitudes towards Gender Based Violence and conditional support for abortions, but there is also widespread belief in certain myths about contraception. Hence the need for a campaign that is based on a solid understanding of local attitudes towards both sexual reproductive health and GBV as opposed to the interests of a national campaign • Strong support for joint decision-making by both partners on matters of importance, has been taken further as very few actually endorse physically abusing women. This is a positive finding. • Need to develop an integrated approach that takes poverty and the health challenges facing nodal residents into account and also integrate critical aspects of GBV and Sexual Reproductive Health • Challenge is to integrate Sexual Reproductive Health and GBV issues with other related services being provided by a range of governmental and non-governmental agencies - integration and co-ordination remain the core challenges in the ISRDP and URP nodes.

26. HIV & AIDS: Awareness levels Read as: Prevalence rates are relatively high and secrecy is relatively low, compared with the ISRDP average

27. HIV & AIDS: Proportion who accept the following statements Read as: Good awareness of how HIV is transmitted, although gaps in respondents’ knowledge can be observed

28. HIV and AIDS • Evidence suggests that previous campaigns (and the high incidence of the pandemic in the node) have led to some awareness of impact of HIV and AIDS. • Whilst encouraging to see how many in the node have correct knowledge about the transmission of the disease, Kgalagadi does lag behind the ISRDP average on certain issues • HIV and AIDS campaigns in this node need to address the gaps observed in peoples’ knowledge • Despite high levels of awareness of AIDS sufferers in their communities few respondents can actively assist • Less than 1% in the node reported on providing support to orphans or providing Home Based Care • Despite high incidence of HIV across Kgalagadi, levels of poverty are so crippling few can do much to assist those who are infected and suffering • These findings support the need for an urgent integrated intervention in the node that incorporates health, poverty, GBV, HIV and AIDS, in particular to providing targeted support to increase the numbers of households providing HBC and/or supporting orphans

29. Conclusions • Kgalagadi has a poor Global Development Rating • Key Priorities and Strengths:

30. Conclusions Kgalagadi has a positive J Global Development Rating. Key challenges and strengths emerging form the statistical analysis are summarised below.