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Department of Social Development nodal baseline survey: Umkhanyakude results. Objectives of overall project. Conduct socio-economic and demographic baseline study and situational analyses of DSD services across the 14 ISRDP and 8 URP Nodes
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Department of Social Development nodal baseline survey: Umkhanyakude results
Objectives of overall project • Conduct socio-economic and demographic baseline study and situational analyses of DSD services across the 14 ISRDP and 8 URP Nodes • Integrate existing provincial research activities in the 10 ISRDP nodes of the UNFPA’s 2nd Country Programme • Monitor and evaluate local projects, provide SLA support • Identify and describe types of services being delivered (including Sexual Reproductive Health Services) • Establish the challenges encountered in terms of delivery & make recommendations regarding service delivery gaps and ultimately overall improvement in service delivery • Provide an overall assessment of impact of these services • Project began with baseline & situational analysis; then on-going nodal support; and will end in 2008 with second qualitative evaluation and a second survey, a measurement survey that looks for change over time.
Methodology for generating these results • First-ever integrated nodal baseline survey in all nodes, urban and rural • All results presented here based on original, primary data • Sample based on census 2001; stratified by municipality in ISRDP and wards in URP; then probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling used in both urban and rural, randomness via selection of starting point and respondent; external back-checks to ensure fieldwork quality • 8387 interviews completed in 22 nodes • Sample error margin: 1.1% - nodal error margin: 4.9% • This presentation is only Umkhanyakude data: national report and results available from DSD.
How to read these findings • Baseline survey on 5 major areas of DSD/government work: • Poverty • Development • Social Capital • Health Status • Service Delivery • Indices created to track strengths and challenges in each area; and combined to create a global nodal index. Allows comparison within and across node, overall and by sector. • Using this index, high index score = bad news • Nodes colour-coded on basis of ranking relative to other nodes • Red: Really bad compared to others • Yellow: OK • Green: Better than others
Findings • Detailed baseline report available • Published November 2006 • Detailed findings across all nodes • Statistical tables available for all nodes • Background chapter of secondary data available for each node • Qualitative situation analysis available per node • This presentation • High level Umkhanyakude -specific findings • Umkhanyakude scorecard on key indicators • Identify key strengths/weakness for the node and target areas for interventions • What next? • 2008 will see qualitative evaluation and second quantitative survey to measure change over time
Umkhanyakude Scorecard Compared with other nodes, Umkhanyakude is clearly amongst the poorest in the ISRDP, with red warning lights flashing in the areas of poverty, social capital, health and the overall, composite index. In all these areas the nodal score is above the average for ISRDP nodes, and high scores are bad news (because we they show high poverty, or high deficits in other indexed areas).
Poverty index The poverty deficit index is based on 10 indicators (see table below), given equal weighting. Umkhanyakude has the highest poverty rate in the ISRDP.
Poverty deficit Priority areas are in red, where they are above the ISRDP average; and include lack of electricity for lighting (131% more likely than ISRDP average), incidence of informal dwellings (51% above average) and so on. Lower than average positives are in green - incidence of no regular income and female-headed households both better than ISRDP average.
Poverty analysis • We saw that Umkhanyakude is the poorest of the ISRDP nodes, measured using this index. Among the key challenges are the following: • 97% of respondents did not have RDP-level sanitation • 91% had no refuse removal • The rate of unemployment was 82% (against an ISRDP average of 78%) • 76% did not have RDP-level water • 77% lived in informal (incl.traditional) dwellings • Functional illiteracy, at 41%, was extremely high • On a slightly more positive note, the node has lower incidence of female-headed households at 45% (compared with an ISRDP average of 53%) • All respondents had some regular source of income
Social capital deficit • This graph measures the social capital deficit - so high scores are bad news. • Social capital includes networks of reciprocation, trust, alienation and anomie, membership of civil society organisations, and so on. • Umkhanyakude has the 3rd worst level of social capital in the ISRDP, compounding poverty problems already identified.
Social capital deficit Priority areas are those above the ISRDP average: the sense that communities can’t solve their own problems (61% above average), lack of CSO membership, disaffection with politics, and so on. The positives are in green, including lower than average anomie.
Development deficit • This index measures respondents’ awareness of development projects, of all types, carried out by government and/or CSOs. It is a perception measure - not an objective indication of what is actually happening on the ground. • Development awareness is in the mid-ISRDP range in Umkhanyakude. Given the poor levels of social capital in the node, this is a positive finding, suggesting that local networks persist even though civil society structures are weak and mistrust evident.
Development deficit Respondents had lower than average awareness of a range of development interventions, most particularly awareness of who is providing development services - government or CSOs. Awareness of school building, crèches, sport facilities and health facilities was above the ISRDP average Some positives, where the node performs better than the ISRDP average, include awareness of school building, crèche, sport and health.
Service delivery deficit Umkhanyakude ranks 5th on service delivery out of the 14 ISRDP nodes
Service delivery – weaknesses Weaknessesinclude most aspects of basic service delivery, e.g. quality of/ access to electricity supply was rated as 114% worse than the average for ISRDP nodes, water quality and supply was rated as 64% worse than the ISRDP average and so on
Service delivery – strengths Strengths: Respondents are less likely to complain about DSD services in this node when compared with the ISRDP average. For instance, respondents in this node are 24% less likely to identify no DSD office as a problem than the ISRDP average, similarly they are 27% less likely to cite no pension point when compared to the ISRDP average.
Service delivery: main features • Other important services provided by DSD such as Children Homes, Rehabilitation Centres and Drop-In Centres worryingly received almost no mention by respondents and signals very low awareness of these critical services. • Urgent thought should be given as to how best to raise awareness across the node with respect to these under utilised services - and how to increase penetration of DSD services as well as grants in the node.
Umkhanyakude is rated the worst ISRDP node in respect of health measures Health deficit
Health deficit Priority Areas: Malaria incidence is deemed a high priority by respondents, as is access to health care. Respondents are 25% more likely to report that their health has prevented them from working than the ISRDP average. Poor health has also limited their social activities.
Health • HIV and AIDS was reported as the major health problem in Umkhanyakude, by a third of all respondents (38%, higher than the average of 30% across all nodes). • A further quarter of all respondents (23%) cited TB as a significant health problem in the node (ISRDP average is 22% ) • Two other health problems cited by respondents as problematic in the node were Alcohol Abuse (17% reported this, nevertheless lower the ISRDP average of 28%), and Cholera (11% of respondents, v.s. ISRDP average of 6%) • Men were as likely as women to rate their health as poor • Youth were as likely as older adults to rate their health as poor • Access to services also impacts the health of those in the node, in particular • 59% of respondents reported distance to health facility as being a problem • 61% of respondents reported paying for health services as being a problem • These findings highlight the key health issues facing those in the node and point to the need for an integrated approach that focusses on the issues of, HIV and AIDS, TB, alcohol abuse and Cholera and also takes into account the challenges respondents face in accessing health care • With respect to Cholera, previous mention was made of the fact that respondents in this node are far more likely to perceive their water quality as poor than the ISRDP average. Hence the urgent need for an integrated approach that addresses both poverty and the health challenges of alcohol abuse, HIV and AIDS, TB and Cholera
Proportion who agree that both parties in a relationship should share decision - making Read as: Minority in the node support the view that most decisions in the household require joint decision-making by both partners
Proportion supporting statements about female contraception Read as: Node is still deeply conservative as myths about contraception are widely held
Proportion who agreed that a man is justified in hitting or beating his partner in the following situations Read as: Support for violence against women in all situations is higher in this node than the ISRDP average and points to a high proportion of very negative attitudes about Gender Based Violence in the node. Disturbing to note that the differences between males and females, and young and old, in terms of attitudes towards Gender Based Violence are not large - these negative attitudes have been absorbed by men and women, young and old, and interventions are needed to break this cycle
Attitudes towards abortion Read as: Abortion is NOT supported by half the respondents (48%) in this node, higher than the ISRDP average (42%)
Sexual Reproductive Health & GBV • Findings point to the need for nuanced campaigns around contraception and their very close link with inappropriate attitudes to women in Umkhanyakude • Disturbing to note the high levels of support for Gender Based Violence, coupled to very limited support for abortions and widespread belief in a range of different myths about contraception. Hence the need for a campaign that is based on a solid understanding of local attitudes towards both sexual reproductive health and GBV as opposed to the interests of a national campaign • Not only is there limited support for joint decision-making by both partners on matters of importance, many across the node not only do not support joint decision-making but go further and endorse physically abusing women • Need to develop an integrated approach that takes poverty and the health challenges facing nodal residents into account and also integrate critical aspects of GBV and Sexual Reproductive Health • Challenge is to integrate Sexual Reproductive Health and GBV issues with other related services being provided by a range of governmental and non-governmental agencies - integration and co-ordination remain the core challenges in the ISRDP and URP nodes.
HIV & AIDS: Awareness levels Read as: Prevalence rates are high and secrecy is relatively low, suggesting stigmatization may be dropping in face of unavoidability of the epidemic
HIV & AIDS: Proportion who accept the following statements Read as: High awareness of how HIV is transmitted, except with regards to mosquitoes
HIV and AIDS • Evidence suggests that previous campaigns (and the high incidence of the pandemic in the node) have led to high awareness of impact of HIV and AIDS. • Encouraging to see how many in the node have correct knowledge about the transmission of the disease (node better than average scores for ISRDP), except in the case of Mosquitoes. • This is a worrying response in an area which IS usually affected by mosquito-borne diseases such as Malaria • HIV and AIDS campaigns in this node need to address this gap in peoples’ knowledge • Despite high levels of poverty in this node, there is some evidence that respondents are trying to actively assist those community members who are infected and suffering • 14% are providing Home Based Care (HBC) • 3% providing direct support to orphans • These findings support the need for an urgent integrated intervention in the node that incorporates health, poverty, GBV, HIV and AIDS, in particular to providing targeted support to increase the numbers of households providing HBC and/or supporting orphans
Conclusions • Umkhanyakude has a “poor” L Global Development Rating, is the poorest ISRDP node, and faces challenges across the board. Challenges and strengths, as they emerged from the statistical analysis, are listed below.