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10. Interest Groups. Video: The Big Picture. 10. http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Edwards_Ch10_Interest_Groups_Seg1_v2.html. 10. Learning Objectives. Describe the role of interest groups in American politics. 10.1.
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10 Interest Groups
Video: The Big Picture 10 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Edwards_Ch10_Interest_Groups_Seg1_v2.html
10 Learning Objectives Describe the role of interest groups in American politics 10.1 Compare and contrast the theories of pluralism, elitism, and hyperpluralism 10.2
10 Learning Objectives Analyze the factors that make some interest groups more successful than others in the political arena 10.3 Assess the four basic strategies that interest groups use to try to shape policy 10.4
10 Learning Objectives Identify the various types of interest groups and their policy concerns 10.5 Evaluate how well Madison’s ideas for controlling the influence of interest groups have worked in practice 10.6
Video: The Basics 10 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg2_InterestGroups_v2.html
Role of Interest Groups 10.1 • Interest groups pursue policy goals • Different from political parties • Do not run candidates • Policy specialists, not generalists • 25,000 interest groups • Technology aids lobbying
10.1 10.1 How many interest groups are there in the United States? 5,000 25,000 100,000 50,000
10.1 10.1 How many interest groups are there in the United States? 5,000 25,000 100,000 50,000
Video: In Context 10.1 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg3_InterestGroups_v2.html
Theories of Interest Group Politics 10.2 • Pluralism • Elitism • Hyperpluralism
Pluralism Group theory of politics Groups link people and government Groups compete No one group likely to become dominant Groups play by the rules of the game Groups weak in one resource can use another Concessions Some groups stronger than others All interests do not get equal hearing 10.2
Elitism Real power held by a few 78% of Americans share this view Interlocking directorates Multinational corporations Lobbying benefits the few at the expense of the many 10.2
Video: In the Real World 10.2 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg5_InterestGroups_v2.html
Hyperpluralism Interest group liberalism Groups out of control Government tries to appease all of them Budgets, programs, regulations expand Iron triangles Contradictory and confusing policy results 10.2
10.2 10.2 Which theory of interest group politics views interest groups positively? Elitism Hyperpluralism Pluralism None of the above
10.2 10.2 Which theory of interest group politics views interest groups positively? Elitism Hyperpluralism Pluralism None of the above
What Makes an Interest Group Successful? 10.3 • Surprising Ineffectiveness of Large Groups • Intensity • Financial Resources
Smaller groups have advantage Potential group Actual group Collective good Free-rider problem Selective benefits 10.3 Surprising Ineffectiveness of Large Groups
Intensity Psychological advantage Single-issue groups On the rise Dislike compromise Abortion 10.3
Financial Resources System is biased toward wealthy 2008 federal elections cost $5 billion Donations lead to access But $$$ does not always lead to lobbying success Other side contributes, too 10.3
10.3 10.3 Why does money not always lead to lobbying success? Other side can also make contributions Campaign contributions are too restricted to make a significant difference Most groups cannot afford to buy politicians Most politicians refuse to accept interest group contributions
10.3 10.3 Why does money not always lead to lobbying success? Other side can also make contributions Campaign contributions are too restricted to make a significant difference Most groups cannot afford to buy politicians Most politicians refuse to accept interest group contributions
How Groups Try to Shape Policy 10.4 • Lobbying • Electioneering • Litigation • Going Public
Lobbying Two types of lobbyists Full-time employee Temporary employee Often former legislators Why do Congressmen listen to lobbyists? Lobbyists provide specialized expertise Lobbyists help with political & campaign strategy Lobbyists provide ideas 10.4
10.4 FIGURE 10.1: Industries’ big spenders on lobbying, 2009-2011
10.4 NRA
Electioneering Aiding candidates financially Getting out the vote PACs $5,000 limit in primary and general election Mainly support incumbents Should PACs be eliminated? 10.4
Explore Interest Groups: Can Interest Groups Buy Public Policy? 10.4 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_edwards_mpslgia_16/pex/pex10.html
Litigation Suing for enforcement Environmental regulations Civil rights groups – 1950s Amicus curiae briefs Class action lawsuits 10.4
Going Public Public opinion influences policy makers Mobilize public opinion Public relations 10.4
10.4 Interest group ad
10.4 10.4 On what tactic do interest groups rely to influence policy when Congress is unsympathetic? Lobbying Litigation Electioneering Going public
10.4 10.4 On what tactic do interest groups rely to influence policy when Congress is unsympathetic? Lobbying Litigation Electioneering Going public
Explore the Simulation: You Are a Lobbyist 10.4 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_longman_media_1/2013_mpsl_sim/simulation.html?simulaURL=16
Types of Interest Groups 10.5 • Economic interests • Environmental interests • Equality interests • Consumer and other public interest lobbies
Economic Interests Labor Unions Closed shop versus “right-to-work” 10.5
10.5 Wisconsin collective bargaining fight
Economic Interests Business Dominate lobbying and PACs Business interests not monolithic Policy differences among industries 10.5
10.5 FIGURE 10.2: How corporate PACs have shifted toward the majority party
Environmental Interests Sprang up since 1970 More than 10,000 groups with $2.9 billion revenue Profound policy impact Influential due to numbers, not money 10.5
10.5 Save the polar bear
Equality Interests Fourteenth Amendment guarantees Minorities NAACP/Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Social welfare policies Women National Organization for Women (NOW) Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) 10.5
Consumer and Other Public Interest Lobbies Policies in the public interest Collective goods What is the public interest? 10.5
Video: Thinking Like a Political Scientist 10.5 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg4_InterestGroups_v2.html
10.5 10.5 Which interest groups are the best funded? Economic groups Environmental groups Consumer groups Women’s rights groups
10.5 10.5 Which interest groups are the best funded? Economic groups Environmental groups Consumer groups Women’s rights groups
Understanding Interest Groups 10.6 • Interest Groups and Democracy • Interest Groups and the Scope of Government
Interest Groups and Democracy Does pluralism prevail? Growth in number of interest groups Less clout for any one group Interest group corruption? Business PACs Wealthy groups dominate Gridlock? 10.6