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Power measurements ( approx )

Power measurements ( approx ). Power measurements ( approx ). WATT HOURS. Simple measure: 1 watt hour is 1 watt of energy consumed for one hour 1000 watts = 1 kilowatt (1kW) 1 kilowatt hour is 1000 watts consumed for one hour

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Power measurements ( approx )

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  1. Power measurements(approx)

  2. Power measurements(approx)

  3. WATT HOURS • Simple measure: • 1 watt hour is 1 watt of energy consumed for one hour • 1000 watts = 1 kilowatt (1kW) • 1 kilowatt hour is 1000 watts consumed for one hour • If we leave our test computer idle for one hour, that is equivalent to .220 kWh (or 220 watt hours) • Would need to leave computer on for slightly longer than 4.5 hours to consume 1 kWh

  4. Household power consumption • “Average” household power consumption?

  5. Household power consumption • “Average” household power consumption? • It depends…

  6. Household power consumption • “Average” household power consumption? • 2010: 11,496 kWh per annum • TN: 16,716 kWh/yr • VT: 6,912 kWh/yr • ME: 6,252 kWh/yr • …why? Source: US Energy Information Administration http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=97&t=3

  7. POWer generation • Approximately 5,800 operational power plants >= 1MW capacity in US. Source: US Energy Information Administration http://www.eia.gov

  8. POWER GENERATION Source: US Energy Information Administration http://www.eia.gov

  9. CO2 generated by various fuels Assuming avg. heat rate for steam-electric generation Source: US Energy Information Administration http://www.eia.gov

  10. WHERE does our power come from? • Total Generation Capacity (VT): • 582,000 MWh • Sources: • Nuclear (436,000 MWh) • Hydroelectric (100,000 MWh) • Other Renewables (45,000 MWh) • So we’re good, right? Source: US Energy Information Administration http://www.eia.gov

  11. ELECTRICITY RATES • Relevant as well is the rate charged per kWh of electricity. • VT (Green Mountain Power) rate is approx $0.16/kWh (residential – commercial and industrial rates are lower) • -Utilities often charge different prices for peak vs off-peak usage (why?)

  12. Power costs(approx)

  13. Scale out idle power usage • Cell Phones: • ~331.6M subscribers (2011) [CTIA] • … x 360 watt hours/mo • (this is extreme…) • Desktop Computers: • ~2B by 2014 [Gartner] • Other devices (cable modem - ~5W; cable tv receiver ~40W)

  14. Data centers • Keep this information in mind for later discussion on personal computer power usage… • From here, we shall move on to data center power usage. • Readings: • -Koomey • -Belady (PUE) • -Belady (WUE)

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