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Diabetes Mellitus

This presentation discusses the case of a 7-year-old male with symptoms of fatigue and abdominal pain, leading to a diagnosis of Type I Diabetes Mellitus. The management plan includes insulin administration, blood glucose monitoring, and education on nutrition and insulin dose adjustment. The presentation also covers the diagnosis and management of Type II Diabetes Mellitus in a 30-year-old female.

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Diabetes Mellitus

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  1. Diabetes Mellitus A presentation by Meighan O’Connor, POPPF DidacticsOnline.com

  2. Case Presentation CC: fatigue and abdominal pain HPI: 7 y/o male reports above sx for past 3 months. Mother says he has been less active, taking more naps and wetting his bed, which he stopped doing 2 years prior. Pmhx, Pshx, Famhx: unremarkable ROS: Pertinent positives include weight drop from the 75th percentile to the 50th percentile despite report from mother that his food and drink intake has increased.

  3. Objective • Labs to be ordered: • WBC count, Urinalysis, Glucose level • Labs return: • WBC: 11,400/mm^3 • BUN: 14 mg/dL, Creatinine: 1.2 mg/dL, Sodium: 132 mEq/L, Potassium: 5.0 mEq/L, Chloride: 100mEq/L • Glucose: 350 mg/dL • General: child appears lethargic but AOx3 • Skin: Appears dehydrated, no erythema or lesions • HEENT, Heart, Lungs, Abdomen: negative findings • Osteopathic Structural Exam: T7-9ERrSr with hypertonic paraspinals, CRI slow, decreased

  4. Assessment and Plan • Diabetes Mellitus Type I • Family and patient is trained in how to administer insulin, check blood glucose levels, check for ketonuria, recognize hypoglycemia and how to treat it. • Family and patient is counseled on nutrition and timing of carbohydrates and how to measure, rotate and adjust insulin doses depending on the time of day, physical activity and food/drink intake. • F/U in two weeks. • Eventually F/U appointments need to be made every 6 mo. to check weight, BP, eyes, extremities. Future concerns include ETOH intake and depression/mental illness.

  5. Type I • Type IA diabetes is suggested by reduced insulin and the presence of pancreatic (islet) autoantibodies. • Type IA vs. type IB • Type I diabetes also is usually suggested by reduced insulin and c-peptide levels. • Uncertain etiology • Peak onset bimodal: • 4-6 and 10-14 years of age • Prevalence in US: • 2/1000 non-Hispanic whites • Slightly lower in other ethnic groups

  6. Type I • Classic new onset—most common presentation • Diabetic ketoacidosis—very severe • Deep, rapid breathing • Dry skin and mouth • Flushed face • Fruity smelling breath • Nausea and vomiting • Stomach pain • Incidental finding—take thorough hx of all patients, no matter how young.

  7. Case Presentation CC: new pt, physical exam HPI: 30 y/o African American female presents for PE. Claims to be in good health but mentions she is urinating more frequently and has had several UTIs in the past year. Meds: Metoprolol Pmhx: HTN; Pshx: unremarkable Famhx: Father and Gmother + heart attacks, Mother, Aunt, Sister + diabetes.

  8. Objective • Vitals: • BP: 125/90 right arm; RR: 14 breaths/min; HR: 85 beats/min • PE: • General: Morbid obesity at BMI of ~48 kg/m2 • Heart, Lungs, Abdomen: negative findings • Urine dipstick: 2+ glucosuria • Random plasma glucose: 240 mg/dL • Osteopathic Structural Exam: • Hypertonic pelvic and abdominal diaphragm, hypertonic paraspinals T7-9, and diminished CRI

  9. Assessment and Plan • Diabetes Mellitus type II • Diet, exercise weight reduction • Oral hypoglycemic agent • Avoidance of macro/microvascular complications • F/U in 2 weeks and eventually every 6 months to check weight, BP, eyes extremities and renal function.

  10. Type II • Prevalence in the US: • 0.18 per 1000 non-Hispanic white youth 10-19 years old • 1.06 and 1.45 per 1000 African-American and Navajo youth, respectively. • All ages: 25.8 million people, or 8.3% of the U.S • Risk factors: • Positive family history • Obesity • Female gender • Pregnancy

  11. Type II • Sx: • Commonly asymptomatic • Increased thirst, increased frequency of urination, blurred vision • Glucose testing • Random blood glucose test • Fasting blood glucose test • Hemoglobin A1C level • Oral glucose tolerance test

  12. Type II • Diagnostic Criteria: • Sx of diabetes and a random blood sugar of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher • A fasting blood sugar level of 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) or higher • A blood sugar of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher two hours after an oral glucose tolerance test. • An A1C of 6.5 percent or higher • The blood tests must be repeated on another day to confirm the diagnosis of diabetes.

  13. Type II • Complications: • Macrovascular • Heart disease • Stroke • Peripheral vascular disease • Microvascular • Retinopathy • Nephropathy • Neuropathy • Infections • Staph infection at injection site • Fungal infections involving oral mucosa, genitals, skin and nails

  14. Treatment • Medical: • Type I: • Short acting insulin= lispro or insulin • Intermediate acting= NPH • Long acting: Lente or Ultralente • Type II: • Biguanides: Metformin, mc first line • Sulfonylureas: Tolbutamide, Chlorpropamide, Glipizide • Glitazones: Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone • Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors: Acarbose, Miglitol

  15. Treatment • Osteopathic: • We can directly improve circulation which indirectly enhances hormone release, cellular uptake and cellular response and helps the patient avoid infection. • Pancreas T7-9: • Treat paraspinals, somatic dysfunctions • Abdominal and pelvic diaphragm release and rib raising • To improve circulation and lymphatic flow • Treat legs and feet • Remove restrictions and SD, improve and maintain ROM thereby helping the pt stay active and proactive in their own health • Cranial • Improve CRI=improve flow of blood, nutrients from the CSF and lymphatics • Compile exercise and nutrition/diet program or refer to specialists

  16. References First Aid, Case Reports for the USMLE Step 1 Pub Med, Ketoacidosishttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001363/ CDC, Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in US http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/projects/cda2.htm Up To Date, Diabetes Mellitus I and II http://www.uptodate.com.ezproxylocal.library.nova.edu American Diabetes Association Home Page www.diabetes.org Rediscovering the classic osteopathic literature to advance contemporary patient-oriented research: A new look at diabetes mellitus. John C Licciardone. http://www.om-pc.com/content/2/1/9 An osteopathic approach to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Shubrook JH Jr, Johnson AW. Common crossroads in diabetes management. Michael Valitutto

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