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Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys Survey Design Workshop. Questionnaire for Individual Women: Birth History. Direct method. “Complete birth history” for every woman of reproductive age (1 5-49 years)
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Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveysSurvey Design Workshop Questionnaire for Individual Women: Birth History MICS4 Survey Design Workshop
Direct method • “Complete birth history” for every woman of reproductive age (15-49 years) • Women are asked to report for each live birth the date of birth and, if the child has died, the age at death • Can directly estimate child mortality rate for defined time periods before the survey
Measures of mortality in early life • Infant mortality “rate” (IMR) • Neonatal mortality “rate” (NNMR) • Post-neonatal mortality “rate” (PNNMR) • Under-five mortality “rate” (U5MR)
Direct method • Relies heavily on the quality of information collected • Work best in populations where dates and durations are well-known MICS4 Survey Design Workshop
Sources of errors • Omission of births and deaths • Recall bias: • Misreporting of age at death (age heaping at 12 months is common) • Birth misplacement MICS4 Survey Design Workshop
Sources of errors • Selection bias • Interview only women alive at the time of survey (also applies to indirect method) • Information bias • Incorrectly recall stillbirth vs. live birth or vice versa (also applies to indirect method)
Sources of errors • Length of instrument • Longer fieldworker training needed • Careful monitoring of data collection needed
Estimates from direct method MICS4 Survey Design Workshop