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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. BY: MARIAH GUMFORY. Objectives. Explain the purpose and process of transcription and translation Recognize that gene expression is a regulated process Describe the roles of DNA and RNA in cell differentiation

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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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  1. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY: MARIAH GUMFORY

  2. Objectives • Explain the purpose and process of transcription and translation • Recognize that gene expression is a regulated process • Describe the roles of DNA and RNA in cell differentiation • Identify and illustrate changes in DNA and evaluate the significance of these changes

  3. Protein synthesis video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobgkPEAo

  4. What is protein synthesis? • Process whereby DNA encodes for the production of amino acids and proteins • Refers to a multi-step process, beginning with amino acid synthesis and transcription of nuclear DNA into messenger RNA, which is then used as input for translation

  5. Why do we need it? • We need proteins! • Proteins make up enzymes, hormones and components of cell membranes among many other things

  6. mrna • Molecule of RNA that encodes a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product • Carries coding information to the sites of protein synthesis: the ribosomes • Read in a series of triplets called codons • Example of a codon: AUG

  7. trna • Functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and peptide sequences by picking up amino acids and matching them to the proper codons in mRNA • Each tRNA carries one amino acid that corresponds to an mRNA codon • The proper amino acid is joined to the tRNA by the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

  8. Ribosome • Composed of two subunits: a large and a small • Work bench for protein assembly

  9. Step 1: transcription • DNA unwinds and “unzips” • Enzymes match RNA nucleotides to unzipped nitrogen bases of the DNA and form one strand of mRNA • The strand of mRNA detaches and heads off out of the nucleus for a ribosome • DNA re-zips and twists back up again

  10. Step 2: Translation • Small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA • Initiator tRNA binds to the binds with the start codon of mRNA • Large ribosomal subunit binds to the complex and starts the polypeptide chain • A second tRNA comes in and binds to the next mRNA codon • The ribosome advances down the line to the next codon, and the process continues • Rinse and repeat until a STOP codon is reached and a brand new polypeptide is released and ready to be used.

  11. Drag and drop activity • http://www.zerobio.com/drag_oa/protein/transcription.htm

  12. Objectives • Explain the purpose and process of transcription and translation • Recognize that gene expression is a regulated process • Describe the roles of DNA and RNA in cell differentiation • Identify and illustrate changes in DNA and evaluate the significance of these changes

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