Employment Policies, Gypsies, Women and Inclusion in Spain. Integration, Assimilation or fighting against exclusion

1. Employment Policies, Gypsies, Women and Inclusion in Spain. Integration, Assimilation or fighting against exclusion David Berna Serna Researcher. PoliticalSciences and Sociology. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

2. Because I am not in Spain, I would like to introduce you, at least superficially, what have been historically the characteristics of the Spanish gypsy economic activity. But… we are also speaking of a part of the (Spanish)spanish gypsy population, about 60%. As in other countries in the European context, in certain areas (and certain) some gypsy groups have developed gadges economic activities for generations (agriculture, fishery or industry). According to the scientific literature, there is a direct correlation between the time of (settlement and root) establishment or rooting in a town or city and its level in Insert day economic and social activities there (¿quéquieresdeciraquí?). But labour inclusion plans and actions principally have been directed towards the first group, so let me begin…

3. Characteristics of historical labor forms of Spanish gypsies -Self-employment -Mobility that suppose searching for customers, products or monitoring for temporary labor supply. -Exploitation of available resources that may be considered unusable for society (their efforts to earn a living in unfavorable circumstances lead them to exploit jobs that others have not wanted, using the family as a way to reduce costs and increase profits) -self-replication of family dynamics: allows continuous protection and security against possible misfortunes. The descendants can be inserted in economic production, strengthening the family. -Multiple occupancy ,not only dependent on a one job, some ​​are seasonal, marginal and precarious, a fact that leads them to have different occupations allowing them to survive in difficult economic circumstances and developing multiple skills).

4. But in the last decade these employment forms, due to changes in the economic system and production, seem not to be sufficient for the subsistence of all Gypsies… It seems that these described formulas are not validso that Gypsies need a change But at the same time, since the entry of Spain into the EU, the living standards of the majority of people seem to have increased. "Spain is no longer poor." The marginal or excluded population should disappeared. And in the capitalist era the way that individuals reach about standards is through wage labor. Individuals are validsince they are subject producers and, especially, consumers.

5. In Spain, there are one sector into the employment policies towards the Gypsy population that has aroused special interest by the different institutions: Women For that reason I will discuss around two inclusion employment initiatives for gypsy women.

6. The Spanish labor market is characterized by ethnic and gender segregation. The Gypsy mostly occupy the lower possition inner the social and economic postcapitalistic system, or directly is outside. The gypsy women are more out than men.

7. Whenwespeakaboutgypsywomanwe are speakingabout .... • A plural reality... • Historically, womenhavebeen active agents in the material survival of thefamily. Even in times of increasedpersecution, theyhavebeenthosewhohaveadquiredmore responsibility. • Women living under a patriarchalregimewith a bigdependence and submissiontofamilymen. Theyhavereleasedtheirneedsto a second place, puttingone’sfamilyfirst. • The gypsy woman suffers an intersectional discrimination (being: female, Gypsy, poor and lacking academic qualifications) • But Gypsy women have agency. Daily they fight for their existence, both within and outside the gypsy community. • For centuries Gypsy women have represented a central and essential keystone for material survival of Gypsies.

8. Professional Training Programfor Young GypsyWomen SURT .Women’sAssociationfor Labor Insertion. Barcelona

9. Professional Training Programfor Young GypsyWomenLeonardo da Vinci Program. European Union (1999-2000). • SURT .Women’sAssociationfor Labor Insertion. Barcelona • L’Institutde Stinte ale EducatieNei (Romania) • Derbyshire GypsyLiasonGroup (England) • Secretariado Diocesano de Lisboa da Pastoral Dos Ciganos (Portugal). • Target: Gypsy and RomYouthWomen living in Barcelona ornear. • Number of participants:

10. Thisprojectwasdirectedforgiving a response tothesituation of marginalization and exclusionthat (the) gypsypeoplesuffer, particularlyfortheirmostdisadvantaged sector: theyoungwomen. Forthisreason, theprojectpursuedtheobjectivetostimulatesignificantchangesthroughprofessional training, a training thatwould (be) complete andwouldincorporatetheir cultural values, reassessing and recognizingthe social status of thegypsywomenwithinsociety. The main objective is the access of gypsy women to a regulated employment. An this suppose: • Questioning of traditional roles and to exploring new alternatives not only in labour questions, (even) but their role within their family. • Basic educative training. Many of them left school at an early age • Occupational training. The training courses are polyvalent itineraries (cleaning, cashier, etc) for work on large surfaces • Development of labor itineraries with employment contracts in commercial centers.

11. Official Trainers Course in the specialty of school canteens for GYPSY women

12. Official Trainers Course in the specialty of school canteens for GYPSY women (Barcelona) Theaim of thecourseisthelabourinclusion of GYPSY womenlackingacademicqualifications. Thiscourse has anoveralllength of 308 hours: 158 hours of theory and 150 hours of practice. Thelatterperiodconsistsin doinginternships in schools, preferablylocatedin theirownneighborhoodof residence. Thecourseistaughtby a recognizedorganizationfor training trainerstrainersformation.

13. Thisemploymentactionpracticesuppose: Change in the relationships of gypsy mothers into school. Negotiation of their time, dedication and roles within the family context. In many cases In many cases, theybecamethemaineconomiceconomic support of the family… In many cases, families are able to mutate and adapt to this new reality. In other, these changes are perceived by the family as a loss of gypsiness. "That is for the gadjges…"

14. Ideas para el debate • All the initiatives are formatives. Seems to be that Gypsy women need training and this is essential to improving their situation. • Formation understood as improving women and Gypsies in general • Final goal employability • His employment is principally directed towards changing traditional female roles. • Mainly initiatives are aimed exclusively at women or married gypsy clown with gypsies. • Participatein theseinitiativesmayinvolvechanges in thelives of thesewomenfarbeyondthatmereemploymentinclusion… • Do you think Roma women and drive?. In some of these have been asked INITIATIVES. It is enough that among the staff of these institutions have professional or Roma gypsies?