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Developments in Large Photodetectors in Europe

This article discusses the developments in large photodetectors in Europe, focusing on the requirements for ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray detection and deep underwater neutrino telescopes. It also explores different designs and technologies used in these photodetectors, as well as the challenges and considerations in mass production. Key organizations and projects mentioned include Pierre Auger Observatory, Antares, Baikal Lake, Super Kamiokande, and NEMO-ANTARES.

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Developments in Large Photodetectors in Europe

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  1. Large Photodetector Developments in Europe Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay France

  2. Photodetectors - Requirements UHCR (Ultra High energy cosmic ray) Pierre Auger Observatory (Argentina) Very high dynamic range Low after pulse rate Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  3. Photodetectors - Requirements Antares Deep underwater neutrino telescopes [Dumand (Hawaï)] Baikal Lake (Russia) ANTARES (France) NESTOR (Greece) NEMO (Italy) AMANDA / Ice Cube (South Pole) Large area with maximum efficiency Good SER (Single electron response) in charge and time Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  4. Photodetectors - Requirements Super Kamiokande Nucleon decay and neutrino detectors KamiokaNDE Super KamiokaNDE KamLAND (Japon) SNO (Canada) MiniBooNE (USA) Borexino (Italie) Large area with maximum efficiency Good SER (Single electron response) in charge and time Low noise Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  5. A standard design of PMT Vacuum glass bulb Bialcali photocathode Dynode multiplier First remark Nearly all the present experiments make use of : Hamamatsu … with an interesting exception … Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  6. Baikal neutrino experiment First developments (1983) Philips XP 2600 Dumand project & Baikal Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  7. Baikal neutrino experiment Quasar 370 First developments (1983) Philips XP 2600 Dumand project & Baikal Then in Russia Baikal experiment Quasar 300 ; Quasar 350 Quasar 370 Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  8. Characteristics Large area Good SER (Gain 1st stage : 25) Good TTS : 2.5 ns (FWHM) Baikal neutrino experiment Quasar 370 Glass bulb Photocathode (SbKCs) Acceleration PE (25 kV) Scintillator (YSO) Conventional PMT (UGON) Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  9. 4 PMTs Bulb shape and focalisation (Simulations) Hybrid Photomultiplier (HPMT) Baikal NT 200 Completed 1998 192 HPMT installed. R&D on scintillators : ScBO-Ce ; YAP ; LSO Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea VLVvT Workshop Oct. 2003 A. Bersani on behalf NEMO-ANTARES Group Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  10. VLVvT Workshop (2003) Other Ideas (for localization) Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  11. VLVvT Workshop (2003) Other Ideas (for localization) A. Bersani on behalf NEMO-ANTARES Group Replace a PMT by several small PMTs Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  12. R VLVvT Workshop (2003) Other Ideas (for localization) A. Bersani on behalf NEMO-ANTARES Group Replace a PMT Introduce an optical system (an array of Winston’s cones) by several small PMTs Light collection efficiency ? Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  13. Second remark All ideas on photodetection designs are certainly interesting But… …if a mass production is foreseen Constraints from industry must be considered from the begining Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  14. Silicon PIN diode (2 mm diameter) Focussing electrodes (Total HV : - 15 kV) Phocathode (18 mm usefull) Photonis-DEP Hybrid Photon Detector (HPD) Excellent photon resolution (Very good SER) Low gain : 3500 @ 15 kV (needs low noise electronics) Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  15. Proximity focussed Electrostatically focussed Photonis-DEP Photonis-DEP Hybrid Photon Detector (HPD) Localization (Multi-pixel) CMS @ CERN HCAL (Hadronic calorimeter) (19 or 75 pixels) (4T field) 72 mm diameter RICH LHCB @ CERN Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  16. 80 mm 120 mm e Silicon detector Front-end/readout chip 62.5 mm HPD for the LHCB RICH G. Aglieri Rivella on behalf RICH LHCB Collaboration IEEE 2004 NS, Roma Vacuum tube Quartz window S20 photocathode Cross-focusing electron optics Hybrid pixel detector (16x16 mm2) 3232 pixel silicon detector fully encapsulated in the vacuum tube Analog and digital chain readout on chip CMOS readout chip bump-bonded onto the silicon detector Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  17. Electronics Slow ASIC VA chip, 2 µs Encapsulated in the vacuum HPD 10-inch (TOM HPD) Design for the CLUE Telescope (La Palma) HPD Team @ CERN HA. Braem, E. Chesi, C. Joram, J.Séguinot, P. Weilhammer Started in 1997 (T. Ypsilantis) Photocathode HPD 5-inch (Design for LHCb Rich) Photocath. : Bialcali or Rb2Te HV : - 20 kV PIN : 2048 pixels of 1x1 mm2 Focussing electrodes Pad Silicon Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  18. C2GT Project (in the Golf of Taranto) Detection in a sphere of 432 mm Photodetector 380 mm 5 Silicon sensors (12 x 13.2 mm2) in a grounded field cage “Artistic view” of the half-scale prototype HPD Team @ CERN C. Joram for the C2GT Team, RICH 2004, Mexico , Nov 2004 Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  19. Third remark With silicon devices and particularly with PIN diodes the signal is very weak And … Electronics must be considered from the begining Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  20. PMT Photocathode Summary Medium SER and TTS (depend of size) HV 2 or 3 kV Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  21. Photocathode Photocathode Scint PMT Summary PMT HPMT Medium SER and TTS (depend of size) HV 2 or 3 kV Good SER and TTS (depend of scint) HV 20 to 30 kV Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  22. Photocathode Photocathode Photocathode Scint PIN PMT Electronics Summary PMT HPMT HPD Very good SER TTS ? (depend of FEE) HV (negative) 15 to 30 kV Medium SER and TTS (depend of size) HV 2 or 3 kV Good SER and TTS (depend of scint) HV 20 to 30 kV Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  23. Photocathode Photocathode Photocathode Photocathode Scint PIN APD PMT Electronics Electronics Summary PMT HPMT HPD HAPD Expected ? Very good SER and TTS (depend of FEE) HV (negative) 10 kV or more ? Very good SER TTS ? (depend of FEE) HV (negative) 15 to 30 kV Medium SER and TTS (depend of size) HV 2 or 3 kV Good SER and TTS (depend of scint) HV 20 to 30 kV Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  24. PMT HPMT HPD HAPD Photocathode Photocathode Photocathode Photocathode Scint PIN APD PMT Large photodetectors in Europe Companies ETL PHOTONIS + Labs (Characterization) Quasar (Russia) R&D VLVvT R&D PHOTONIS (+ IPNO) R&D HPD CERN R&D PHOTONIS DEP Discussions More ? Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  25. Concluding remarks Most of the photodetectors follows a standard design Some R&D are (or will be) performed on HPD (Hybrid Photon Detector) The design (particularly HPD) must include Micro-electronics (Asic) Collaboration with industry is mandatory Mass production and cost are key parameters The best is generally not the cheapest … But … Do we really need the best ? Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  26. Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay

  27. Vacuum photon detector Pixel-HPD description Anode • Main features: • Close collaboration with industry • Quartz window with thin S20 pK • Cross-focussing optics (tetrode structure): • De-magnification by ~5 • Active diameter 75mm • 484 tubes for overall RICH system • 20 kV operating voltage (~5000 e– [eq. Si]) • 3232 pixel sensor array (500mm500mm each) • Encapsulated binary electronics readout chip Schematic view http://www.cern.ch/ ~gys/LHCb/PixelHPDs.htm LHCC Comprehensive Review for LHCb RICH – HPD Status - 31 January 2005 - CERN

  28. HPD flow chart: anode part Detector chip (Canberra - B) Bump-bonding (VTT - FIN) Assembly probing Readout chip (IBM - F) Packaging (HCM - F) Wafer probing Brazing (DEP - NL) and gold-plating (CERN) Ceramic carrier (Kyocera - JP) Visual inspection and plating control LHCC Comprehensive Review for LHCb RICH – HPD Status - 31 January 2005 - CERN

  29. HPD flow chart: HPD tube part (DEP) Tube body assembly Photo-cathode deposition and vacuum sealing HPD cabling and potting Vacuum bake-out@ 300°C Final HPD testing Anode incoming inspectionand testing Anode testing QE measurement and anode testing LHCC Comprehensive Review for LHCb RICH – HPD Status - 31 January 2005 - CERN

  30. Completed HPD tube LHCC Comprehensive Review for LHCb RICH – HPD Status - 31 January 2005 - CERN

  31. Photodétecteurs Grande surface Température « Bursts » Quelques résultats SER et Temps XP 1806, 8 pouces, type ANTARES SER P/V = 3 Temps (Limite:2 ns) Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay pouthas @ipno.in2p3.fr

  32. Photodétecteurs Grande surface Taux de comptage différentiel Quelques résultats Post impulsions (Mesures à l’oscilloscope numérique) XP 1806, 8 pouces, type ANTARES Distribution en temps Distribution en amplitude Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay pouthas @ipno.in2p3.fr

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