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STABILIZATION OF HELICOPTER SLING LOADS

STABILIZATION OF HELICOPTER SLING LOADS. Vefa Narli. Introduction. High Rise Rescue Fire Fighting Offshore Construction. Hover Vertical Take-off and Land. Transportation Modes of Helicopters. 23000 lbs. 40000 lbs. 5000 lbs. Helicopter Sling Loading Capacities.

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STABILIZATION OF HELICOPTER SLING LOADS

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  1. STABILIZATION OF HELICOPTER SLING LOADS Vefa Narli

  2. Introduction • High Rise Rescue • Fire Fighting • Offshore • Construction • Hover • Vertical Take-off and Land

  3. Transportation Modes of Helicopters 23000 lbs 40000 lbs 5000 lbs

  4. Helicopter Sling Loading Capacities

  5. Helicopter Sling Loading • Load is suspended beneath the helicopter • Free to rotate in all 3 axis • Long cable lines are used • Requires pilot effort

  6. Literature Survey • Dukes, T. A., “Maneuvering Heavy Sling Loads Near Hover, Part I: Damping the Pendulous Motion,” Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 18, (2), Apr. 1973. • Dukes, T. A., “Maneuvering Heavy Sling Loads Near Hover, Part II: Some Elementary Maneuvers,” Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 18, (3), July 1973. • Poli, C., and Cromack, D., “Dynamics of Slung Bodies Using a Single-Point Suspension System,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 10, (2), Feb. 1973. • Cliff, E. M., and Bailey, D. B., “Dynamic Stability of a Translating Vehicle with a Simple Sling Load,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 12, (10), Oct. 1975. • Nagabhushan, B. L., “Low-Speed Stability Characteristics of a Helicopter With a Sling Load,” Vertica, Vol. 9, 1985. • Sheldon, D. F., “An Appreciation of the Dynamic Problems Associated with the External Transportation of Loads from a Helicopter—State of the Art,” Vertica, Vol. 1, 1977. • Prabhakar, A., “Stability of a Helicopter Carrying an Underslung Load,” Vertica, Vol. 2, 1978. • Cicolani, L. S., Kanning, G., and Synnestvedt, R., “Simulation of the Dynamics of • Helicopter Slung Load Systems,” Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 40, (4), Oct. 1995. • Gabel, R., and Wilson, G. J., “Test Approaches to External Sling Load Instabilities,” Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 13, (3), July 1968.

  7. HSL Flight Tests [7]

  8. Stability of HSL - I [7]

  9. Stability of HSL - II [7]

  10. Stability of HSL - III [ 11] Level 1 – Load maintains directional stability throughout the maneuvers. Minimal oscillation. Requires minimal concentration by the flight crew Level 2 – Load may oscillate, rotate. Directional orientation is not stable. Does not pose a threat to the aircraft. ost maneuvers. Moderate oscillation.

  11. Safety - I Manwaring, J. C., Conway, G. A., Garrett, L. C., “Epidemiology and Prevention of Helicopter External Load Accidents,” Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 107-121, 1998.

  12. Safety - II • …The helicopter departed with a 150-foot long-line attached and no external load on the hook… After lift-off, the long-line tangled in the trees, causing the helicopter to crash… • …An Aerospatiale 316B was moving equipment in mountainous terrain with a 100-foot long cable… the cargo hook snagged on an equipment trailer adjacent to the take-off area. As the tension on the line increased, the hook broke free of the trailer and the cable recoiled into the main rotor blades, rendering the helicopter uncontrollable… • …During the flight to reposition the helicopter that was transporting seismic equipment with a 100-foot long line, the load caught on a nearby fence…

  13. Literature Survey • Lucassen, L. R., and Sterk, F. J., “Dynamic Stability Analysis of a Hovering Helicopter With A Sling Load,” Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 10, (2), Apr. 1965. • - 2001 (Dynamics and Stability) • Stiles et al, (2004, [22],) mention sling load active stabilization as a future direction of research in his review of Helicopter AFCS.

  14. Statement of the Problem • Keep the oscillations of the payload under a critical angle, or deviation • The effect of the load on the helicopter dynamics should not exceed more than 10% of the static weight of the load. • System should be adjustable to different line length and load weight and should be robust to 10% changes of the nominal values.

  15. Approach - I • Modified AFCS that stabilizes the slung load • Stand-alone stabilizing system • Cartesian mechanism • Spherical mechanism

  16. Approach - II Cho, S.-K., Lee, H. H., “An Anti-Swing Control of a 3-Dimensional Overhead Crane,” Proceedings of the American Control Conference, Chicago, Illinois, pp. 1037-1041, 2000. [2]

  17. Future Work • Anti-sway control of shipboard boom cranes • Simulations of a quadrotor suspended mass • Update the statement of the problem • Stabilization of a 3D suspended pendulum with a cartesian mechanism • Stabilization of a 3D suspended pendulum with a spherical mechanism • UH-60 helicopter MatLAB model • Simulations of 3D suspended pendulum attached to UH-60

  18. References • Abdel-Rahman, E. M., Nayfeh, A. H., Masoud, Z. N., “Dynamics and Control of Cranes: A Review”, Journal of Vibration and Control, 9, pp. 863-908, 2003, cited by 15. • Alleyne, A., Hedrick, J. K., “Nonlinear Adaptive Control of Active Suspensions,” IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 94-101, 1995, cited by 123. • Anonymous, “Handling Qualities Requirements for Military Rotorcraft, Aeronautical Design Standard,” ADS-33E-PRF, 2000. • Anonymous, “Requirements for the Certification of Sling Loaded Military Equipment for External Transportation by Department of Defense Helicopters”, MIL-STD-913A, 1997. • Balachandran B., Li, Y.-Y., Fang, C.-C., “A Mechanical Filter Concept For Control of Non-linear Crane-Load Oscillations”, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 228, pp. 651-682, 1999, cited by 12. • Bartolini, G., Pisano, A., Usai, E., “Second-order Sliding-Mode Control of Container Cranes”, Automatica 38 pp. 1783-1790, 2002, cited by 11. • Cicolani, L. S., Sahai, R., Tucker, G. E., McCoy, A. H., Tyson, P. H., Tischler, M. B., Rosen, A., “Flight Test Identification and Simulation of a UH-60A Helicopter and Slung Load”, NASA/TM-2001-209619, USAAMCOM-TR-01-A-001, 2001. • Corriga, G., Giua, A., Usai, G, “An Implicit Gain-Scheduling Controller for Cranes”, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 15-20, 1998, cited by 36. • Fang, Y, Dixon, W. E., Dawson, D. M., Zergeroglu, E., “Nonlinear Coupling Control Laws For An Underactuated Overhead Crane System”, IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 418-423, 2003. • Fliess, M., Levine, J., Rouchon, P., “A Simplified Approach of Crane Control Via A Generalized State-Space Model”, Proceedings of the 30th Conference on Decision and Control, England, pp. 736-741, 1991, cted by 29. • Fusato, D., Guglieri, G., Celi, R., “Flight Dynamics of an Articulated Rotor Helicopter with an External Slung Load,” AHS International Annual Forum, 55th, Montreal, Canada, 1999, cited by 8. • Hrovat, D., “Survey of Advanced Suspension Developments and Related Optimal Control Applications,” Automatica, Vol. 33, No. 10, pp. 1781-1817, 1997, cited by 121. • Karnopp, D., “Active Damping in Road Vehicle Suspension Systems,” Vehicle System Dynamics, 12, pp. 291-316, 1983, cited by 50. • Karnopp, D., “Design Principles for Vibration Control Systems Using Semi-Active Dampers,” Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement and Control, Vol. 112, pp. 448-455, 1990, cited by 43. • Key, D. L., “Airworthiness Qualification Criteria for Rotorcraft With External Sling Loads”, NASA/TM-2002-211390, USAAMCOM AFDD/TR-02-A-002, 2002. • Kriikku, E., Singer, N., Singhose W., “An Input Shaping Controller Enabling Cranes to Move Without Sway”, American Nuclear Society 7th Topical Meeting on Robotics and Remote Systems, 1997, cited by 36. • Kureemun, R., Walker, D. J., Manimala, B., Voskuijl, M., “Helicopter Flight Control Law Design Using Hinf Techniques,” Proceedings of the 44th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, and the European Control Conference, pp. 1307-1312, 2005. • Moustafa, K. A. F., Ebald, A. M., “Nonlinear Modeling and Control of Overhead Crane Load Sway”, Transactions of ASME, Vol. 110, pp. 266-271, 1988, cited by 38. • Omar, H. M., “Control of Gantry and Tower Cranes”, PhD. Thesis, Blacksburg, Virginia, 2003, cited by 5. • Postlethwaite I., Prempain, E., Turkoglu, E., Turner, M. C., Ellis, K., Gubbels, A. W., “Design and Flight Testing of Various Hinf Controllers for the Bell 205 Helicopter,” Control Engineering Practice, 13, pp. 383-398, 2005, cited by 1. • Singer, N. C., Seering W. P., “Preshaping Command Inputs to Reduce System Vibration”, Transactions of ASME, Vol. 112, pp. 76-82, 1990, cited by 331. • Stiles, T. R., Mayo, J., Freisner, A. L., Landis, K. H., Kothmann, B. D., “Impossible To Resist, The Development of Rotorcraft Fly-by-Wire Technology,” AHS 60th Annual Forum, Baltimore, MD, 2004. • Sunwoo, M., Cheok, K. C., Huang, N. J., “MRAC for Vehicle Active Suspension Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 217-222, 1991, cited by 15. • Tyson, P. H., Cicolani, L. S., Tischler, M. B., Rosen, A., Levine, D., Dearing, M., “ Simulation Prediction and Flight Validation of UH-60A Black Hawk Slung-Load Characteristics,” AHS 55th Annual Forum, Montreal, Canada, 1999. • Ulsoy, A. G., Hrovat, D., Tseng, T., “Stability Robustness of LQ and LQG Active Suspensions,” Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control, Vol. 116, pp. 123-131, 1994, cited by 28. • Walker, D. J., “Multivariable Control of the Longitudinal and Lateral Dyamics of a Fly-By-Wire Helicopter,” Control Engineering Practice 11, pp. 781-795, 2003, cited by 5.

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