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The Early Modern Islamic Empires. Ottoman Empire Safavid Empire Mughal Empire. Townsend Harris High School. The Ottoman Capital -- Constantinople. Anatolian Peninsula located between the Black and Mediterranean Seas. “Golden Horn” – 15c map. “Golden Horn” from space. “Golden Horn”.
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The Early Modern Islamic Empires Ottoman Empire Safavid Empire Mughal Empire Townsend Harris High School
The Ottoman Capital -- Constantinople Anatolian Peninsula located between the Black and Mediterranean Seas
Osman I (Othman): 1299-1326 • Leader of the Ottoman Turks and state. • The Ottoman State, named after him, would prevail as a world empire for almost six centuries. (It existed until 1 November 1922, after being in serious decline since the early 18th century.) • Osman announced the independence of his own small kingdom from the Seljuk Turks in 1299. • The westward drive of the Mongol invasions had pushed scores of Muslims toward Osman's Anatolian principality, a power base that Osman was quick to consolidate. • As the Byzantine Empire declined, the Ottoman Empire rose to take its place.
The Ottoman Bureaucracy SULTAN Divans/Vizier Social / MilitaryDivans Heads of IndividualReligious Millets Muslims Jews Local Administrators& Military Christians Landowners / Tax Collectors
Mehmet II: 1444-1445; 1451-1481(“The Conqueror”) • Defeated the Serbs (Battle of Kossovo, 1389) • Called “The Conqueror”, captured Constantinople and destroyed the Byzantine Empire. • Turkish, the chosen language of the Ottoman court.
The Fall of Constantinople: 1453 Upon conquering Constantinople the Sultans began the restoration and beautification of the city.
Janissaries http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/islam/1493janissaries.asp • Young Christian youths from conquered regions who were trained in infantry divisions. • After being converted and educated they were enrolled in the elite regiments. • Their control of artillery and firearms gained them prominence over aristocratic cavalry.
Notable Quotable • The Janissary corps was an elite group of soldiers and administrators of the sultan’s army. In general, they were young Christian men chosen for their good looks and physical abilities. After initial recruitment, the janissaries had sons who also inherited the right to be in the corps. But by the early 1800’s, the force had become an undisciplined political power of over 100,000 men – so the sultan was forced to put its entire membership to death!
Battle of Lepanto (1571) Spanish fleet defeats the Ottoman and gains control of the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea
Battle of Lepanto (1571) The Ottoman Expansion was stopped by the Spanish. Also the Siege of Vienna in 1529 was the first attempt by the Ottoman Empire, led by Suleiman the Magnificent, to capture the city of Vienna, Austria. The inability of the Ottomans to capture Vienna in 1529 turned the tide against almost a century of conquest.
Suleiman the Magnificent:(1520-1566) Suleiman’s Signature 1520 – 1566: “Golden Age” Ottoman ruled the largest empire in Europe and the Middle East Suleiman expansion was finally stopped at the “Siege of Vienna”
Collection of Taxes in Suleiman’s Court • At its height, his empire stretched from Hungary to Arabia and Mesopotamia and across North Africa. • He had absolute power but ruled with the help of a grand vizier. • Ottoman law was based on Sharia, officials worked with religious scholars who interpreted the law.
Qur’an Page:Arabic Calligraphy • Religiously diverse empire. • Like the janissaries, non-Muslim girls from Eastern Europe were brought to serve as slaves in wealthy Muslim households. • They might be accepted as members of the household. • Some were freed after the death of their masters.
Suleymaniye MosqueWalking Tour: http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200605/suleymaniye/ • One of the most beautiful mosques in Constantinople. • Second largest in the city. • Built on the order of Sultan Suleiman.
Blue Mosque • The arts blossomed under Suleiman’s reign. • Ottoman poets adapted Persian and Arab models to produce works in their own Turkish language. • The sultans of the empire were patrons of Islamic art as Caliphs.
Qur’an Page: The Angel GabrielVisits Muhammad A surge of artistic achievement in textiles, rugs, and wall hangings being produced with intricate and beautiful color schemes and Islamic designs.
Scholars at the Galata Observatory(Suleiman’s Constantinople), 1557 • By the 1700’s European advances in both commerce and military technology were leaving the Ottomans behind. • While European industry and trade pressed ahead the aging Ottoman empire remained dependent agriculture. • Russia and there European powers chipped away at Ottoman lands, while local rulers in North Africa and elsewhere broke away from Ottoman control.
Roxelana • Roxelana, the brilliant and beloved wife of Ottoman Emperor Suleiman the Magnificent • http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1550sultanavisit.html Questions for further exploration: • What were the origins and impact of the career of Roxelana in the Ottoman Court? • How does the account of a European visitor summoned into her presence indicate that she was a formidable intelligence-gatherer for her husband?
Ottoman Science: Smallpox Vaccination • Lady Mary Wortley Montagu’s description of a Smallpox vaccination in the Ottoman Empire. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/montagu-smallpox.html Questions for further exploration: • What is Lady Montague’s seeming opinion of Ottoman society and their attitude towards medical preparations? • What is her seeming opinion of Western doctors?
The Decline of the Ottoman Empire • Grand Vizier exercised more power, sultans retreated to their harems. • Pashas became corrupt, with law and order being secondary concerns. • Turkish culture became influenced by Western standards contrary to Islamic law. Alcohol, coffee and tobacco were used. • Lacked a principle of succession led to warfare among prospective successors. • Demand of local officials caused peasantry to flee. • Local officials began to keep more of the revenue.
Ottoman Dynasty lasted for over 600 years. • No other ruling family has ruled as long.
Tamerlane (1336-1405)or “Timur, the Lame” • Tamerlane Fell in early 15th century. • Ismail, descendant of Safi al-Din, founded the Safavid Dynasty in 1501.
Safavid Empire in Persia • Ismail and his successors called themselves shahs or kings of the Persian Empire and considered themselves to be the spiritual leaders of Islam not the Ottoman caliph. • The Safavids were able to seize much of present day Iraq and Iran. • The Safavid Empire had a predominantly Shiite Muslim population. This population still had many conflicts with the Sunni Muslims of the region.
Abbas the Great • He revived the glory of ancient Persia • Created a powerful military force modeled on the Ottoman Janissaries. • Established capital in Isfahan. • Safavid empire reached greatest extent under his rule.
The Safavids profited from the struggles of rival Turkic groups after Mongol invasion – The Shi’a Muslims, came from a family of Sufi preachers and mystics.
Capital City: Isfahan • The Shah welcomed artists, poets, and scholars to his court. • Safavid glory slowly faded after the death of Abbas. • Pressure from Ottoman armies, conservative scholars challenged the authority of the shah • In the end Sunni Afghans rebelled and defeated imperial armies.
Arts and Culture The cultural growth was accompanied by considerable development in all forms of art. The Persian carpet, for example was at its finest during the Safavid era. Miniature paintings, Chinese and Arabic designs had an important influence in carpet motifs, and carpets became a major Persian export to Europe, India, and even the Ottoman Empire. The Safavids adopted Shi'ism as their state religion, which had an important role in unifying the Persians against the strict Sunni Ottoman Empire. Two centuries of intermittent wars followed which produced only minor territorial changes. By 1722 the Safavid rulers had lost much of their power leading to rebellions within the empire. A small force of Afghans, led by the Ghilzai chief Mahmud, took advantage of this, invading Khorassan, and capturing Isfahan.
Battle of Chaldiran (1514) • Between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514. • Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms. • Checked the western advance of their Shi’a state • Decimated the ranks of Turkic warriors who had built the Safavid Empire • After battle Persian will become the official language of the Safavid Empire
Religious Leaders • Imams • Shi’a religious leaders who traced their descent to Ali’s successors. • Mullahs • Religious leaders under the Safavids; worked to convert all subjects to Shi’ism. • Qizilbash (Redheads) • Called because of colorful red headgear – followers of Shah Ismail founder of Safavid dynasty – Ismail imposed Shi’a as main religion.
The Quick Decline of the Safavid Empire • Death of Shah Abbas created a power vacuum. • Lack of principal of succession • Abbas eliminated his rivals – leaving no capable rule to succeed him. • Shiite dissatisfied with peace with the Sunnis • Bordering nations seized territory. • Afghans invaded from the East, Ottoman Turks from the West, Persia fell into a state of political chaos and anarchy. • Persia would remain in this state for many years.
Legacy of the Safavid Empire Planted Shiite traditions firmly in Iran, Gave Persians a strong sense of their own identity. Tensions between the Shiite Safavid and Sunni Ottoman Turks arose in several events in the history of the Persian Empire.
The Delhi Sultanate • Delhi sultanate lasted from 1206 - 1526 • The start of Muslim rule in northern India
