French Word for “rebirth”

The Renaissance 1350-1550 • French Word for “rebirth” • The transition period in Europe from medieval to modern culture. It is generally viewed as a rebirth or reawakening of learning and the arts. • It began in the Italian city-states where there was a new form of society emerging. A society where wealth and skill was more important than land ownership and titles of nobility.

Trade with Asia increased during 1300s Italian merchants organized this trade and trade cities in Italy grew wealthy Competed to create works that would increase prestige of their cities Florence became a center for banking, art, culture & literature The Renaissance began in Italy and spread throughout Europe Origins

Nobility - most powerful, but smallest group Born into this class, not earned Had to follow strict rules & expectations Clergy Leaders of the church Peasants and Townspeople Townspeople were divided into three groups Patricians—had wealth from trade, banking, and industry. Burghers---were shopkeepers, artisans, and guild members who provided goods and services. Workers (Peasants)—general labor and the unemployed. Made up 85-90% of population Strict Class Society

A philosophy or attitude that places humankind and human values, welfare, and creativity at the center of consciousness. Humanism was the philosophy that, beginning in the 14th century, was a central feature of the Renaissance in Italy, and spread over the rest of Europe in the following three centuries. It taught classical learning and art as well as to seek fulfillment in daily life, and that each person has dignity and wealth. HUMANISM

The Medici Family ruled Florence from the 13th – 17th centuries • Wanted to make Florence the most beautiful city, so they became patrons of the Arts • Commissioned many expensive and impressive works of art from the leading artists of the time. Florence

Home of the Catholic Church Popes commissioned artists to beautify the city of Rome Spent lots of money on art by leading artists: Rome

Michelangelo(1475-1564): born in Caprese • Sculptor, painter, architect, poet, engineer • Considered the greatest artist of his time period for his innovative techniques and style • Commissioned by the Medici and the Catholic Church • Works include: statue of David & Pieta, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (frescoe), and was the architect of St. Peter’s Bascilica Artists

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): born in Vinci • The original Renaissance Man: the ideal humanist • painter, sculptor, architect, scientist, musician, inventor, mathematician • Best known as a painter for such works as the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper • Also revered for his technical ingenuity: • Produced sketches of helicopters & tanks, developed theories on solar power and plate tectonics Artists continued

Petrarch (1304-1374)- the father of Humanism • scholar & poet • Recovered manuscripts & works of Greek & Roman writers • Dante (1265-1321)– father of Italian Language • Divine Comedy – greatest works of Italian literature • Written in everyday language (first to do this) • Machiavelli (1496-1527) - Italian statesman, author, and philosopher • His best-known work, The Prince • Shakespear (1564-1616) – English writer • Considered the greatest writer of all time • Wrote 38 plays, 154 sonnet • Reflected the Renaissance ideals of classical Greek & Roman Culture Literature

Johannes Gutenberg (1398 – 1468): German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer & publisher • Developed movable type for printing which allows for the mass production of books • Revolutionizes book making and helps spread the ideas of the Renaissance • Impact of this invention: easier to publish books, increases literacy & increases production of vernacular literature (common language – not Latin) science

Invention of Gutenberg Press Banking Industry Exploration, colonization of new world Expansion of trade Humanism Reintroduction of Greek & Roman knowledge & philosophy Gateway to modern art forms Increased scientific knowledge & desire to know more Contributions of the Renaissance

Religious reforms dividing the western Christian Church • Roman Catholic Church criticized for abuse of power and corruption • Christian Humanists – wanted to reform Church • Believed through reason, and studying the classics one could become more pious (Christ-like) • Desiderius Erasmus – father of Christian Humanism • Suggested reforming from within the Church The Protestant Reformation

Erasmus was a Dutch scholar, humanist, and theologian. Was ordained a Catholic priest, but never practiced priestly duties. Instead, he studied theology and classical Greek at the universities in Paris and Cambridge. Critical of some of the practices and doctrines of the Catholic Church. Sought to reform the Catholic Church. DesideriusERasmus

In Praise of Folly – by Erasmus • Best-seller (only Bible sold more by 1550) • Criticized immorality and hypocrisy of Church leaders and the clergy • Book inspired renewed calls for reform, and influenced Martin Luther Calls to reform the church

Popes corrupted by power & lose focus of spiritual leadership Scientific advances contradicted the Church People wanted to know how to save souls Indulgences – a release of a soul from purgatory for monetary donation – a HUGE abuse of Church power!! Why Reform?

He was a monk and professor at the university of Wittenberg, where he lectured on the Bible. Through his study of the Bible, Luther came to reject the Catholic teaching that both faith and good works were necessary for salvation. Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Salvation is by faith alone and not works. Religious truth and authority is found only in the Bible, not the clergy or the Church. The church was a priesthood of believers not a hierarchy of clergy. 3 Important Teachings of Martin Luther

Angered by the practice of the selling of indulgences by the Church, on October 31, 1517, Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg. • Luther’s written objections to indulgences • 1,000 copies distributed through Germany • This was originally intended to invite debate from other Catholic theologians, but is now considered to be the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. Ninety-Five Theses

By 1521 Luther moving toward split from Church • Wanted German princes to overthrow Papal power in Germany and establish a German Church • Luther is excommunicated • Summoned by Imperial Diet of Holy Roman Empire to Worms • Called by Emperor Charles V, wanted Luther to change his ideas, Luther – “NO” • Edict of Worms issued, making Luther an outlaw • Luther kept in hiding by his prince The Reformation Begins Here I stand. I can do no other. God help me. Amen.

Ulrich Zwingli – priest in Zurich, Switzerland • Banned all religious relics & images • Whitewashed all church interiors • No Music in church services • Does not merge with Luther because they can’t agree with the meaning of communion • John Calvin – replaces Zwingli (killed in religious war) • Frenchman who fled for safety to Switzerland • 1536 – began reforming Switzerland • Sent missionaries thru Europe to convert Catholics • Ideas spread to France, Netherlands & Scotland • By Mid 1500’s – Calvinism more popular than Lutheranism Protestantism Spreads

Political, not religious motives for reform • Henry VIII – King of England • Needs a male heir to carry on Tudor Dynasty • Married Catherine of Aragon (related to Holy Roman Emperor - German) • Have a daughter, Mary • No son, so Henry wants a divorce! • In Catholic Church, you need an annulment granted by the Church. Reformation in England

Pope refused to grant an annulment, too political (King of England vs. Holy Roman Emperor – German) • After long argument, Henry decides to break from the Church • Archbishop of Canterbury grants divorce • Act of Supremacy (1534)established the Church of England (Anglican Church) • King has control over Doctrine and appointments • Dissolves Catholic claims, sells land & possessions • But remained close to Catholic teachings Reformation in England cont.

Prior to the Reformation, all Christians were Roman Catholic The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church. In the end, the reformers, like Luther, established their own religions. The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of these new Protestant religions. What was the Protestant Reformation?

French Word for “rebirth”