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Subjunctive in Greek: Formation, Uses, and Examples

Learn about the formation, uses, and examples of the subjunctive mood in the Greek language. Understand how it expresses possibility, probability, and uncertain statements.

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Subjunctive in Greek: Formation, Uses, and Examples

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  1. Chapter 31 Subjunctive

  2. English • Indicative: what is • Statements, questions (portrayal: lies) • Subjunctive: possibility (probability) • “I will learn Hebrew.” “I might learn Hebrew.” • “If I were rich, I would hire a Greek tutor.” • Unfulfilled, therefore normally future

  3. Greek • Similar, except for aspect (no time) • Present and aorist (no future) • Formation • Lengthen connecting vowel • Primary endings in both present & aorist • Translation: “may” or “might”

  4. Aspect • Imperfective • Present tense stem • Continuous (difficult to translate; “contiunually”) • Perfective • Aorist tense stem • Undefined

  5. Imperfective (Present) Subjunctive

  6. Imperfective (Present) Subjunctive: Active • λύωὦ λύωλύῃς ᾖς λύειςλύῃᾖ λύει • λύωμεν ὦμεν λύομενλύητε ἦτε λύετελύωσι(ν) ὦσι(ν) λύουσι(ν)

  7. λύωμαι λύομαιλύῃ λύῃλύηται λύεταιλύωμαι λύομαιλύῃ λύῃλύηται λύεται λυώμεθα λυόμεθαλύησθε λύεσθελύωνται λύονται Imperfective (Present) Subjunctive:Mid/Pas

  8. Perfective (Aorist) Subjunctive

  9. λύσω λάβωλύσῃς λάβῃςλύσῃ λάβῃ λύσωμεν λάβωμενλύσητε λάβητελύσωσι(ν) λάβωσι(ν) Perfective (Aorist) Subjunctive: Active

  10. λύσωμαι γένωμαιλύσῃ γένῃλύσηται γένηταιλύσωμαι γένωμαιλύσῃ γένῃλύσηται γένηται λυσώμεθα γενώμεθαλύσησθε γένησθελύσωνται γένωνται Perfective (Aorist) Subjunctive: Middle

  11. λυθῶ γραφῶλυθῇς γραφῇςλυθῇ γραφῇλυθῶ γραφῶλυθῇς γραφῇςλυθῇ γραφῇ λυθῶμεν γραφῶμενλυθῆτε γραφῆτελυθῶσι(ν) γραφῶσι(ν) Perfective (Aorist) Subjunctive: Passive

  12. Present Active Subjunctive (Contracts) • –άω –έω –όω • γεννῶ ποιῶ φανερῶγεννᾷς ποιῇς φανεροῖςγεννᾷ ποιῇ φανεροῖ • γεννῶμεν ποιῶμεν φανερῶμενγεννᾶτε ποιῆτε φανερῶτεγεννῶσι(ν) ποιῶσι(ν) φανερῶσι(ν)

  13. Four Uses of the Subjunctive • “May” or “might” not only ways

  14. 1. ἵνα • Purpose (“in order that”) • ἐπηρώτησαν αὐτὸν … ἵνα κατηγορήσωσιν αὐτοῦ. • Content (“that”) • κήρυξαν ἵνα μετανοῶσιν.

  15. 1. ἵνα ἐπηρώτησαν αὐτὸν … ἵνα κατηγορήσωσιν αὐτοῦ. κήρυξαν ἵνα μετανοῶσιν.

  16. 2. ἐάν (third class conditional) • Structure of a conditional statement • “If this is true, then ...” • Protasis, apodosis • ἐάν + subj • Future more probable • Present general

  17. Future More Probable • Matt 5:46 ἐὰν γὰρ ἀγαπήσητε τοὺς ἀγαπῶντας ὑμᾶς, τίνα μισθὸν ἔχετε;

  18. Present General • John 11:9 ἐάν τις περιπατῇ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ, οὐ προσκόπτει.

  19. προσευχώμεθα. 3. Hortatory Subjunctive

  20. 4. Deliberative Subjunctive • Matt 6:31 μὴ οὖν μεριμνήσητε λέγοντες, τί φάγωμεν; ἤ,τί πίωμεν; ἤ,τί περιβαλώμεθα;

  21. οὐ μή οὐ μή + aorist subjunctive Negation

  22. Clues • ἵνα, ἐάν, or ἄν • ὅταν, ἐάν, ὃς ἄν, ὅπου ἄν, ἕως, ἕως ἄν • Lengthened connecting vowel (ω/η) • Outside the indicative • No augment in the aorist. • μή

  23. Questions • No expectation • Expect affirmative • διδάσκαλε, οὐ μέλει σοι ὅτι ἀπολλύμεθα; • Expect negative • μὴ πάντες ἀπόστολοι;

  24. Questions διδάσκαλε, οὐ μέλει σοι ὅτι ἀπολλύμεθα;

  25. Questions μὴ πάντες ἀπόστολοι;

  26. πληρωθῇ Third singular Aorist passive subjunctive πληρόω “It might be fulfilled” Parsing

  27. Master Nonindicative Verb Chart

  28. Summary • Present and (unaugmented) aorist • Aspect (continuous, undefined) • Possibility or probability (“may”) • ἵνα clause • Conditional (future, axiom) • Exhortation (“Let us”)

  29. Summary • Deliberative questions • Negations • Clues • ἵνα, ἐάν, or ἄν • Lengthened connecting vowel + primary personal • No augment in aorist (nonindicative)

  30. Summary • Ask questions • Parsing

  31. λίθος, -ου, ὁ

  32. τοιοῦτος, • -αύτη, -οῦτον

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