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Ecology

study of the interactions of organisms with their environments Biotic factors Organisms Populations Communities Abiotic factors. Ecology. Non-living components atmosphere is the gaseous earth Nitrogen 78%, oxygen 21%, & other gases, including carbon dioxide (at 0.03%)

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Ecology

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  1. study of the interactions of organisms with their environments Biotic factors Organisms Populations Communities Abiotic factors Ecology

  2. Non-living components atmosphere is the gaseous earth Nitrogen 78%, oxygen 21%, & other gases, including carbon dioxide (at 0.03%) hydrosphere is the aqueous earth Surface water (rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.), Water vapor, Ice, Subterranean water stores (aquifers) lithosphere is the rocky earth Rock, Soil, Sediment, Dust, etc. Energy in its many forms Solar, Chemical, Mechanical In combination: temp., wind, climate, etc Abiotic factors

  3. Ecosystem Interactions of living (biotic) communities and nonliving (abiotic) physical and chemical factors Biosphere Global ecosystem All of Earth’s ecosystems

  4. Every interaction, at any level, has consequences E.g. everything we do affects the people that we interact with and vice versa E.g. DDT a popular & very effective pesticide of the 1950s Indirectly affected birds, insects, waterways, milk, etc Perhaps no part of the biosphere is untouched Rachel Carson, Silent Spring Limits of the biosphere

  5. Marine Ecosystems (oceans & seas)

  6. Lentic systems Lakes & ponds Lotic systems Flowing water as in rivers and streams Influenced by nutrient levels and productivity Freshwater ecosystems

  7. Estuaries -- coastal areas where saline and fresh water mix Salinity highly variable among the most productive of all ecosystems rapidly dwindling--primarily due to development. prone to eutrophication from river flow contaminated with fertilizer run-off and livestock manure Estuarine systems

  8. Highly variable Transitional Btwn aquatic & land Examples Perpetually wet mossy bogs and tropical swamps Seasonally wet vernal pools Estuaries Wetlands

  9. Terrestrial ecosystems or Biomes • Named for the dominant vegetation • not necessarily the most common species, but most important to the ecosystem • Influenced by certain limiting abiotic factors • Temperature • Water availability • Soil type • General climate • Distribution affected by latitude & altitude • Described by amount of productivity • (total biomass)

  10. Deciduous forests -- broadleaf forest, drop leaves in winter; summers hot and humid; winters cold; soil excellent; diversity moderate

  11. Coniferous forests -- evergreen forest, summers more temperate; winters cold (except for some coastal examples); soil poor; diversity low to moderate; broad forests called Taiga, some are fire adapted

  12. Chaparral -- “scrub forest”; typical of Southern Cal; summers hot and dry; winters moderate and wetter; soil poor; diversity low to moderate, tend to be fire adapted

  13. Temperate grasslands -- summers hot and humid; winters cold; soil excellent; diversity moderate to high; these are the croplands of the world, are fire adapted

  14. Tropical grasslands -- hotter than temperate grasslands, droughts more severe; sometimes called Savannah, are fire adapted

  15. Desert – very hot, very dry, poor soil, low diversity

  16. Tundra -- cold windy winters; short windy summers; may have permafrost; plants very low to ground, minimal root system due to permafrost or minimal soil; soil poor; diversity low

  17. Tropical rain forest -- hot & humid; massive rainfall; diversity high; soil poor (erodes quickly, and nutrients tied up in biomass)

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