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Understanding Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons and IUPAC Nomenclature

Explore the world of saturated hydrocarbons, specifically alkanes, through IUPAC nomenclature rules. Learn how to name alkanes systematically based on their carbon chain length. Discover the traits and properties of alkanes as the chain size increases. Dive into the realm of cyclic alkanes and understand ring formations in hydrocarbon structures.

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Understanding Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons and IUPAC Nomenclature

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  1. Carbon Saturated Hydrocabons

  2. Carbon makes four bonds.

  3. Alkanes • When all of the carbon bonds are single bonds, it is called a saturated hydrocarbon. • Single chains of saturated hydrocarbons are Alkanes.

  4. IUPAC nomenclature • IUPAC stands for the INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY • It is the accepted form for naming chemicals. • Many compounds have more than one name. • We will accept only IUPAC in this class

  5. Naming Alkanes Ending in -ane • Straight chain hydrocarbons, alkanes, are named based on the longest chain of carbons. • The root name for a single carbon in the chain is Meth… • The ending is –ane which indicates all single bonds.

  6. Determining the longest chain: • Counting carbons of the longest continuous unbroken chain of carbons. • Bends in the chain do not count as a break.

  7. The longest chain may or may not be straight, but it must be continuous. The selection of the longest continuous chain in molecules is illustrated below:

  8. How many in the chain and Name that chain! • A. octane • B. octane • C. octane

  9. Traits of Alkanes • The more carbons in the chain, the heavier the molecule. • What do you think happens to the boiling point of alkanes as the chain grows larger?

  10. Name Molecular Boiling Formula Point (ºC) Methane CH4 -164.0 Ethane C2H6 -88.6 Propane C3H8 -42.1 Butane C4H10 -0.5 Pentane C5H12 36.1 Hexane C6H14 69.0 Heptane C7H16 98.4 Octane C8H18 125.7 Nonane C9H20 150.8 Decane C10H22 174.1

  11. Cyclic Alkanes • Rings formed by the hydrocarbon chain. • The name is based on the number of carbons in the ring. • A is cyclopropane • B is cyclobutane • C is cyclohexane

  12. More

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