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Pathological

Pathological. Adhesion. An adhesion is a band of scar tissue that binds 2 parts of your tissue together. The tissue develops when the body's repair mechanisms respond to any tissue disturbance, such as surgery, infection, trauma, or radiation . . Inflammation.

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Pathological

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  1. Pathological

  2. Adhesion • An adhesion is a band of scar tissue that binds 2 parts of your tissue together. • The tissue develops when the body's repair mechanisms respond to any tissue disturbance, such as surgery, infection, trauma, or radiation.

  3. Inflammation • Protective response of body tissue • Redness, swelling, heat and pain

  4. Sepsis • The body’s inflammatory response to infection. • Fever, elevated HR & RR, low BP • Sepsis is usually treated in the intensive care unit with intravenous fluids and antibiotics.

  5. Diagnostic

  6. Endoscopy Endoscopy means looking inside and typically refers to looking inside the body for medical reasons. • Visual examination of interior of organs • Endoscope- lighted instrument used

  7. Endoscope

  8. Fluoroscopy • Radiology procedure that uses a florescent screen instead of photo plate. • During a fluoroscopy procedure, an x-ray beam is passed through the body. The image is transmitted to a monitor so that the body part and its motion can be seen in detail. Uses: Fluoroscopy is used in many types of examinations and procedures. Some examples include • Barium x-rays and enemas (to view movement through the GI tract) • Catheter insertion (to direct the placement of a catheter during angioplasty or angiography) • Blood flow studies (to visualize blood flow to organs) • Orthopedic surgery (to view fractures and fracture treatments)

  9. General Fluoroscopy

  10. Magnetic Resonance Imagining • Radiographic technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce cross sectional images of body. • May or may not use a contrast medium. • Magnetic resonance imaging is a relatively new technology. The first studies performed on humans were published in 1977. By comparison, the first human X-ray image was taken in 1895.

  11. The MRI system goes through the patient's body point by point, building up a 2-D or 3-D map of tissue types to create images.

  12. MRI scans can be used to help surgeons accurately locate structures within a patient's brain, in addition to tumors.

  13. Nuclear Scan *Diagnostic technique that produces an image of an organ by recording the concentration of a radiopharmaceutical. * Variety of types: bone scans, liver scans, brain scans

  14. Nuclear Scan

  15. Radiography • Production of a captured shadow image on photographic film. • X ray • Appears black or gray What are some common uses of the procedure? • A bone x-ray is used to: • diagnose broken bones or joint dislocation. • demonstrate proper alignment and stabilization of bony fragments following treatment of a fracture. • guide orthopedic surgery, such as spine repair/fusion, joint replacement and fracture reductions.

  16. Steel Balls An X-ray shows steel balls and magnets inside of 8-year-old Haley Lents, after the Huntingburg, Ind. child swallowed the pieces from a magnetic toy set on May 8, 2008.

  17. Radiopharmaceutical • Drug that contains radioactive substance that travels to an area to be scanned.

  18. Scan • Technique for carefully studying an area, organ, or system by recording and displaying an image of an area. • X-rays • CT scan • MRI

  19. Tomography * Radiographic technique that produces a film with detailed cross section or slices of an area. Three Types: * CT * PET *SPECT

  20. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHYCT or Cat Scan • Uses a narrow beam of x-ray that rotates in a full arc around the patient to get multiple views • Computer interprets the views to produce cross-sectional slices of the body parts. • Detects tumor masses, displacements and fluid/

  21. Positron Emission TomographyPET • Combo of CT with radiopharmaceuticals to produce cross sectional images. • Reveals areas that have a deficiency in metabolism • Type of Nuclear scan • Diagnosis metabolic problems

  22. Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography SPECT * Nuclear imaging that scans organs after injection of a radioactive tracer * Uses a gamma camera * Produces a 3D image *Chemical stays in the bloodstream and is not absorbed into the tissues

  23. A SPECT scan of a patient with uncontrolled complex parital seizures. The temporal lope on the left side of the brain shows less blood flow than the right, confirming for the surgeon the nonfunctioning area of the brain causing seizures.

  24. ULTRASONOGRAPHYUS • Uses high frequency sound waves that bounce off body tissue. • Records an image of internal organ or tissue • Image recorded is called a sonogram or echogram.

  25. UltrasonographyObstetric sonogram of a fetus at 16 weeks. The bright white circle center-right is the head, which faces to the left. Features inlcude the forehead at 10 o’clock, the left ear toward the center at 7 o’clock and the right hand covering the eyes at 9:00.

  26. Doppler • Type of US used to hear audible sounds of blood flowing through an artery. • If artery blocked little or no sound will be heard.

  27. Anastomiosis * Connection between two blood vessels or bowel segments. * Allows for flow from one to another.

  28. Anastomosis

  29. Cauterize * Process of burning abnormal tissue * Electricity, freezing, heat or chemically with silver nitrate

  30. Cauterize

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