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Chapter 31: Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity

Chapter 31: Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity. Essential Concepts and Summary. Nuclear Structure. Nucleus consists of neutrons and protons, called nucleons . Atomic number = Z = number of protons in atom. Atomic mass number = A = protons + neutrons

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Chapter 31: Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity

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  1. Chapter 31: Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Essential Concepts and Summary

  2. Nuclear Structure • Nucleus consists of neutrons and protons, called nucleons. • Atomic number = Z = number of protons in atom. • Atomic mass number = A = protons + neutrons • Isotopes: atoms with same number of protons, different number of neutrons

  3. Strong Nuclear Force and Stability of Nucleus • Strong nuclear force holds nucleons together • As nucleii increase in size, they become less stable • Spontaneous disintegration or rearrangement of internal structure is called radioactivity

  4. Mass Defect and Nuclear Binding Energy • Binding energy: Energy required to break apart nucleus • Sum of individual masses of nucleons is greater than sum of single nucleus. Difference in mass is known as mass defect

  5. Radioactivity • Three kinds of rays are produced naturally: alpha, beta, and gamma • Alpha rays are helium nuclei • Beta rays are electron streams • Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves • Transmutation: process by which parent nuclei changes into different daughter nuclei via radioactive decay

  6. Radioactive Decay and Activity • Half life: Time in which ½ of radioactive nuclei disintegrate • Activity: number of disintegrations per second • Lambda is proportionality constant known as decay constant • Amount left after time t related to initial amount and an exponential in t

  7. Equation Summary

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