Human Trafficking

1. Human Trafficking

2. IPATHIndiana Protection of Abused and Trafficked Humans Task ForcePREVENTION, PROTECTION, PROSECUTION The Indiana Protection of Abused Trafficked Humans task force (IPATH) is one of 42 task forces nationwide funded by the Department of Justice’s Office of Victims of Crime and the Bureau of Justice Assistance to address the issue of human trafficking. The Goals of IPATH are to: Enhance law enforcement’s ability to identify and rescue victims. Provide resources and training to identify and rescue victims. Ensure comprehensive services are available for victims of trafficking.

3. Did you know…? • 12-14 is the average age that U.S. kids are first pulled into commercial sex. (2) • 83% of sex trafficking victims found in the U.S. were U.S. citizens. (3) 1 • Amanda Walker-Rodriguez & Rodney Hill, Human Sex Trafficking, FED. BUREAU INVESTIGATION (Mar. 2011), http://www.fbi.gov/statsservices/publications/law-enforcementbulletin/march_2011/human_sex_trafficking • Some research indicates that the average age of entry for U.S. girls is 12 to 14, while the average age for U.S. boys and transgender youth is 11 to 13. See Amanda Walker-Rodriguez and Rodney Hill, Human Sex Trafficking, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (March, 2011), available at http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/march_2011/human_sex_trafficking. See also Ernie Allen, President and CEO of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, speaking to the House Victims’ Rights Caucus Human Trafficking Caucus, Cong. Rec., 111th Cong., 2nd sess., 2010. • Human Trafficking/Trafficking in Persons, Dept. of Justice Statistics, http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=40 (last visited 1/14/2012).

4. What is Human Trafficking? Sex Trafficking:When a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age; or Labor Trafficking: The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. (1) Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, Pub. L. No. 106-386 (2000), available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/10492.pdf.

5. Human Trafficking in Numbers • Internationally • Second largest and fastest growing criminal enterprise (1) • 27 million victims (2) • 1 million children exploited in commercial sex every year (3) • $150.2 billion dollars generated worldwide (4) Indiana • More than 100 tips were investigated by law enforcement in Indiana in 2014. • Administration for Children & Families, U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/trafficking/about/index.html (last visited Jan. 13, 2012). • U.S. Dept. of State Trafficking in Persons Report (2012), available at http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2012/index.htm. • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, THE FACTS ABOUT CHILD SEX TOURISM (2005) at p.22 (2005), available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47255.pdf • International Labour Office, Profits and Poverty: The Economics of Forced Labour (2014), available at http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_243391.pdf. See also Remarks at the Release of the 2014 Trafficking in Persons Report, U.S. Dept. of State (June 20, 2014) available at http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/06/228083.htm. See also Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights: The Economics of Forced Labor, U.S. Dept. of State (June 2014), available at http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/06/228083.htm. • U.S. DEPT. OF STATE TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS REPORT (2010), available at http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/index.htm; see also CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE, TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS: U.S. POLICY AND ISSUES FOR CONGRESS (2010) at p.2, available at http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,4565c22535,4565c25f42b,4d2d96e62,0,USCRS,,.html. • Information was obtained from the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA). The BJA Task Forces in the Midwestern Region were located in the states of:  Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Wisconsin,  and Minnesota. • Human Trafficking: An Introduction,OFFICE OF THE INDIANA ATTORNEY GENERAL, available at www.in.gov/attorneygeneral/files/HT_3_13_12.pptx (last visited April 5, 2013).

6. Who is involved in trafficking? • The recruitergains the victim’s trust and then sells them for labor or to a pimp. Sometimes this is a boyfriend, a neighbor, or even a family member. • The trafficker is the one who controls the victims. Making the victim fearful through abuse, threats, and lies the trafficker gains power over his/her victim. • The victim could be anyone. • The consumerfunds the human trafficking industry by purchasing goods and services. Often s/he is unaware that someone is suffering.

7. The Trafficker • The trafficker will likely be in a lucrative business enterprise as the heart of human trafficking is exploiting cheap labor. • The trafficker may be part of a larger organized crime ring, or may be profiting independently. • Most often, he/she is the same race/ethnicity as the victim. Might be someone who knew the victim and victim’s family. Will likely be bilingual. Will likely be an older man with younger women who seems to be controlling, watching their every move, and correcting/instructing them frequently.

8. The Trafficked Person Human Trafficking reaches every culture and demographics. Regardless of their demographics, victims are vulnerable in some way, and the traffickers will use their particular vulnerability to exploit the victim. Some risk factors include: • Youth • Poverty • Unemployment • Desperation • Homes in countries torn by armed conflict, civil unrest, political upheaval, corruption, or natural disasters • Family backgrounds strife with violence, abuse, conflict • Homelessness • A need to be loved • Immigration Status

9. The Trafficked Person * These studies considered various forms commercial sex, not only sex trafficking. Due to the hidden nature of this crime, little research is available strictly on trafficking. However, it should be noted that anyone used in commercial sex who is under 18 or is being forced or coerced is a victim of trafficking. • Melissa Farley & Howard Barkan, Prostitution, Violence Against Women, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,27 Women & Health 37-49 (1998), available at http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/ProsViolPosttrauStress.html. • Hunter, S.K., Prostitution is Cruelty and Abuse to Women and Children, 1 Mich. J. Gender & L. 1-14 (1993). • Jody Raphael & Deborah L. Shapiro, Sisters Speak Out: The Lives and Needs of Prostituted Women in Chicago, Center for Impact Research (2002)at p.15, available at http://www.impactresearch.org/documents/sistersspeakout.pdf. • Jennifer K. Wesely, Growing up Sexualized: Issues of Power and Violence in the Lives of Female Exotic Dancers, 8 No. 10 Violence Against Women, 1182, 1192 (October, 2002). A Vulnerable Life Before Victimization * Several studies of boys and girls recruited into commercial sex found that: • 57% had been sexually abused as children. (1) • 49% had been physically assaulted. (1) • 85%were victims of incest as girls, and 90% had been physically abused.(2) • 61.5% were frequently hit, slapped, pushed, grabbed, or had objects thrown at them by a member of their household. (3) • 40% of the above were kicked, hit, beaten, raped, or threatened and/or attacked with a weapon by a member of their household. (3) • Nearly half the participants in one study had been “molested or raped as children or teenagers.” (4)

10. Child Trafficking Victims Experience High Levels of Adversity and Stress Jim Mercy, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The Public Health Implications of Child Sex Trafficking (PowerPoint presentation).

11. The Adverse Childhood Experience Studies Jim Mercy, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The Public Health Implications of Child Sex Trafficking (PowerPoint presentation).

12. Violence Against Children is Destructive Jim Mercy, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The Public Health Implications of Child Sex Trafficking (PowerPoint presentation).

13. The Trafficked Person • Likely has been lied to about the work they will be doing in the U.S. • Was economically motivated to come the United States or to seek a new job. • Believes they have a real debt to pay and takes this very seriously. • Has been lied to about their rights in this country and what will happen to them if they seek help. • Does not have any meaningful social network. • Is extremely embarrassed about what is happening to him/her. • May not see themselves as a victim – they may feel blame for their situation. • May be holding out hope that if he or she proves their worth, things will get better

14. Where are trafficked persons found? Trafficking is found in many industries including: • The sex industry • Forced labor in agricultural or construction industries • Factories, restaurants, hotels • Domestic servitude as servant, housekeeper or nanny • Health and beauty industries • As a bride • As beggars or peddlers • As a child soldier

15. How Are People Recruited? Fake employment agencies Internet and Social Media Acquaintances or family Newspaper ads Front businesses Word of mouth Abduction

16. Human Trafficking and Technology Online Classified Ads – Craigslist.org and Backpage.com An artist’s interpretation of an advertisement on Indianapolis Backpage February 2nd. (2)

17. Human Trafficking and Technology “None of these new technologies are in and of themselves harmful,” but for those criminals searching for means of exploiting their victims, they provide “new, efficient, and often anonymous” methods. (1) • Prepaid Credit Cards • Prepaid Cell Phones • No Age verification • No identify verification • Consider anonymity provided for: • The person posting ads online • The persons depicted in those ads • The persons viewing those ads. 1) Mark Latonero, Human Trafficking Online: The Role of Social Networking Sites and Online Classifieds, 13 (2011)

18. Human Trafficking and Technology Misty VanHorn, Oklahoma Mother, Attempted To Sell Her Kids On Facebook For $4,000 1 2 14-Year-Old Unwillingly Became an Internet Sex Symbol 2 B.C. teen drugged, forced into sex trade, police say; Calgary woman faces multiple charges, including human trafficking, extortion 3 Gang members enticed victims on the streets and through social media, includingFacebook, Twitter, andInstagram, by advertising photographs of extravagant living. Instead, the gang members trafficked the victims to several states and forced them into commercial sex. 4 Gates, Sara. "Misty VanHorn, Oklahoma Mother, Attempted To Sell Her Kids On Facebook For $4,000: Police." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 12 Mar. 2013. Web. . <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/12/misty-vanhorn-sell-children-facebook_n_2855887.html>. McLane, Adam. "Why You Should Delete SnapChat - adammclane.com."adammclane.com. N.p., 22 Aug. 2013. Web. . <http://adammclane.com/2013/08/22/why-you-should-delete-snapchat>. Karar, Hana, and Lauren Effron. "Angie Varona: How a 14-Year-Old Unwillingly Became an Internet Sex Symbol." ABC News. ABC News Network, 9 Nov. 2011. Web. . http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/angie-varona-14-year-unwillingly-internet-sex-symbol/story?id=14882768. Ho, Clara. "B.C. teen drugged, forced into sex trade, police say; Calgary woman faces multiple charges, including human trafficking, extortion." . The Vancouver Province (British Columbia), 13 Apr. 2014. Web. http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy.lib.indiana.edu/. Dixon, Jr, Herbert B. Dixon, Jr. "Human Trafficking and the Internet* (*and Other Technologies, too)." Human Trafficking and the Internet* (*and Other Technologies, too). The Judge's Journal, 1 Jan. 2013. Web. . <http://www.americanbar.org/publications/judges_journal/2013/winter/human_trafficking_and_internet_and_other_technologies_too.html>.

19. Human Trafficking and Technology Social Networking Pimps hit social networks to recruit underage girls to engage in commercial sex The pimps "searched Facebook for attractive young girls, and sent them messages telling them that they were pretty and asking if they would like to make some money" If a girl expressed interest, a gang member would arrange to meet up. At that point, participation stopped being voluntary. Messages provided by U.S. Department of Justice. Visualization created by CNNMoney. http://money.cnn.com/2013/02/27/technology/social/pimps-social-networks/index.html

20. Why don’t Trafficked Persons Escape? Therefore, it is our responsibility to protect and assist people being exploited. They are afraid of being deported. They may be in danger if they try to leave. The traffickers have such a strong psychological and physiological hold on them. They fear for the safety of their families in their home countries or in the U.S. They may fear the U.S. legal system because they may not understand the laws that protect them. They may not be able to support themselves on their own.

21. Identification: Health Indicators • Signs of physical abuse • Bruises • Black Eyes • Burns • Cuts • Broken teeth • Multiple scars • Malnourishment • Evidence of trauma • Poor Dental Hygiene • Psychological Problems • Depression • Anxiety • PTSD • Suicidal Ideation • Panic Attacks • Stockholm Syndrome • Fear/Distrust Polaris Project At A Glance For Medical Professionals (2010), available at http://www.cicatelli.org/titlex/downloadable/Polaris%20Project%20At-A-Glance%20for%20Medical%20Professionals%20Final.pdf.

22. Key Questions to Keep in Mind What are/were the living conditions? How did the person find out about the job? Who organized the person’s migration? Do they have to ask permission to eat, sleep, or go to the bathroom? Do they believe they owe money for their travel or other expenses? Has anyone threatened their family? Where do they sleep and eat? Is there a lock on their door or windows so they cannot get out? Are they being forced to do something they don’t want to do? Is the person allowed to leave their place of work? Has the person been physically and/or sexually abused? Has the person been threatened? Does the person have a passport and other documents, or are they taken away? Has the person been paid for his/her work or services? How many hours does the person work a day?

23. Victim Needs that Social Service Providers May Encounter • Basic needs, (i.e. medical attention, shelter and safety, food, clothing, long term housing, etc.); • Safety planning; • Ongoing counseling and therapy that are culturally sensitive; • Treatment for substance-related disorders; • ESL training; • Interpretation; • Legal and immigration services; • Life skills, educational, and vocational training.

24. Potential Mental Health Issues (DSM) Facing Victims of Sex Trafficking 1 1) Linda A. Smith, Samantha Healy Vardaman, & Melissa A. Snow, Shared Hope International, The National Report on Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking: America’s Prostituted Children (May, 2009), available at http://www.sharedhope.org/Portals/0/Documents/SHI_National_Report_on_DMST_2009.pdf.

25. Best Practices for Serving Human Trafficking Victims • Establish a safety network. (1) • Empower victims to accept that they did not deserve their exploitation. (2) • Have a trauma perspective. Recognize that victims’ “seemingly disjointed reactions and behaviors” are common reactions to trauma.(2) • Ensure privacy and confidentiality to victims and their families and friends.(1) • Assess “victims for self-injurious and suicidal behavior.”(1) • Counter the trauma bond. Identify what needs the victim felt their trafficker was fulfilling and develop healthy alternatives for meeting those needs. (2) • Reintegration.When appropriate, work with the client “towards social and familial reintegration.” (1) • U.S. Dept. of State Trafficking in Persons Report (2012), available at http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2012/index.htm. • Linda A. Smith, Samantha Healy Vardaman, & Melissa A. Snow, Shared Hope International, The National Report on Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking: America’s Prostituted Children 28-31 (May, 2009), available at http://www.sharedhope.org/Portals/0/Documents/SHI_National_Report_on_DMST_2009.pdf.

26. State and Federal Laws Human and Sexual Trafficking, Ind. Code § 35-42-3.5, available at http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title35/ar42/ch3.5.pdf. Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, Pub. L. No. 106-386 (2000), available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/10492.pdf. William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008, Public Law No: 110-457 (2008), available at http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h110-7311. • State: IC 35-42-3.5: Human and Sexual Trafficking (1) • Federal: Victims of Trafficking and Violence Prevention Act—2000; (2) William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008. (3)

27. What is Force, Fraud, & Coercion? Coercion Debt Bondage Threats of Harm to Victim or Family Control of Children Controlled Communication Photographing in Illegal Situations Holding ID/Travel Documents Verbal or Psychological Abuse Control of Victims Money Punishments for Misbehavior Force Kidnapping Torture Battering Threats with Weapons Sexual Abuse Confinement Forced use of Drugs Forced Abortions Denial of Medical Care Fraud Promises of Valid Immigration Documents Victim told to use false travel papers Contract signed for Legitimate Work Promised Job differs from actuality Promises of Money or Salary Misrepresentation of Work Conditions Wooing into Romantic Relationship

28. Other Forms of Immigration Relief U Visa Person is a crime victim and are willing to assist in the investigation S Visa Person is in possession of information concerning criminal organization or enterprise Asylum Person has suffered or fears persecution based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group in country of origin Special Immigrant Juvenile Status Children who are wards of the state due to their abuse, neglect or abandonment and return to home country not a viable option

29. Anti-demand is critical 12-14is the average ageof entry into commercial sex in the U.S. Trauma 34 is the average age of death for those used in commercial sex; homicide is the leading cause of death.

30. Media—How we sexualize children & glamourize commercial sex • Sexualized female dolls targeted to girls as young as 4 years old • Push-up bra bathing suits for 8-year olds • Movies, video games, music Information on this slide taken from: American Psychological Association, Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. (2010). Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pi/women/programs/girls/report-full.pdf

31. Demand for this crime exists because WE tolerate it • Prostitutes and strippers portrayed in movies, video games and music • Three 6 Mafia’s song “It’s Hard Out There for a Pimp” won an Oscar in 2006 • "Big Pimpin'" was the most successful single from Jay-Z's fourth album, reaching #18 on The Billboard Hot 100 and #1 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart.

32. If you believe someone is a victim of Human Trafficking: • Call 911 if there is an emergency or crime occurring currently. • Then… • National Human Trafficking Resource Center Hotline Number 1-888-3737-888 orsend a text to BeFree (233733) • Indiana Child Abuse and Neglect Hotline Number 1-800-800-5556 • humantraffickingtip@atg.in.gov

33. Contact Information Abigail Kuzma Office of the Indiana Attorney General Assistant Attorney General and Director of Victim Services and Outreach Abigail.Kuzma@atg.in.gov humantraffickinginfo@atg.in.gov 317-234-6843