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Case Study Outline

Case Study Outline. Introduction (2) Fuel Cell Technology (1) Infrastructure (1.5) Global warming, Oil supply safety, Political issues, pollution,… Fuel-Cell Technology The US Government and the Hydrogen Economy (1.5) European Union and Japanese Efforts (0.5)

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Case Study Outline

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  1. Case Study Outline • Introduction (2) • Fuel Cell Technology (1) • Infrastructure (1.5) • Global warming, Oil supply safety, Political issues, pollution,… • Fuel-Cell Technology • The US Government and the Hydrogen Economy (1.5) • European Union and Japanese Efforts (0.5) • Focus of Government Efforts (1.5) • Production • Delivery • Storage • Conversion • Application • Education and Outreach • Codes and Standards • Constituents (1) • Oil companies • Oil-producing nations • Automobile manufacturers • Future (0.5) • What has been done since then? • What could have been done differently? Red=Thien Green=Nutty Blue=Allen Black=Ibrahim

  2. Introduction: Fuel Cells – The Hydrogen Revolution? CarbonDioxide Emissions and CarbonDioxideConcentrations (1751-2004) 1. External Implication: • Volatility in oil prices and sustained shortfalls due to far-reaching geopolitical and macroeconomic implications. • Rising of CO and other GHGs • Rapidly Growing of economic growth and Energy consumption in China and India • Global climate change by majority of mainstream scientists’ beliefs. http://www.eia.doe.gov/bookshelf/brochures/greenhouse/Chapter1.htm U.S. Anthropogenic GHGs Emissions by Gas, 2006(Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent)

  3. Introduction: Fuel Cells – The Hydrogen Revolution? 2. Internal Implication : • High costs of development both viable fuel-cell technology and infrastructure for producing and distributing hydrogen. • Ambiguous supporting from federal government • Cost $10-20 billion to develop a network of hydrogen refueling stations. • In 2003, GM spent over $1 billion in fuel-cell R&D but had yet to commercialize any its vehicles. Why? • Ambiguous the proposed level of supporting from federal government to overcome the “Chicken – and – egg dynamic. • Future role of fuel cells was too important to let market forces alone dictate the timing of what it hoped would be a “ hydrogen revolution.” – by Bush administration. • Past government in the U.S. and abroad had a questionalbe track record when sponsoring technologies.

  4. Fuel-Cell Technology History: Pt O&H Containers H2SO4 http://www.princeton.edu/~chm333/2002/spring/FuelCells/fuel_cells-history.shtml Type of Fuel cell: Alkaline fuel cell (AFC) Phosphoric-acid fuel cell (PAFC) Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) Arranging two platinum electrodes with one end of each immersed in a container of sulfuric acid and the other ends separately sealed in containers of oxygen and hydrogen Type of Fuel cell for the transportation: PEM ( Proton change membrane or polymer electrolyte membrane)

  5. Fuel-Cell Technology Component of PEM fuel cell: Consist of seven parts – All are assembled in a few mm thick. - Proton exchange membrane: made of Teflon - Two electrodes: Carbone Anode (-) and Platinum Cathode (+) - Two porous backing for each electrode: made of carbon paper/cloth. - Two exterior plates: made of stainless steel Chemical processes: Generate electricity by electrochemical reaction Oxygen (O2) + Hydrogen (H2) H2O atmosphere Cryogeically cooled tanks Performance of PEM: alternativefuels.about.com/.../PEM-Fuel-Cell.htm • Each PEM produces ~ 0.7 volts of electricity. • Multiple fuel cells generates 200-300 volts to power a large electric motor. • Latest generation of fuel-cell in 2003: • - Comparable in size & weight • - More expensive 10 times, $30,000 than ICE (Internal Combustion Engine), $3,000

  6. Fuel-Cell Technology How does it work?: Store H2 flow through channels in exterior plate and into anode, usually using Pt. Resulting positive charge of H+, it is pulled through the membrane to the Cathode. - The membrane prevent e- from traveling directly through the cathode. 3.The e- is forced into the external circuit that traveled around the membrane then into the cathode. - This circuit is used to provide electricity to an electric motor, a rechargable battery, or another electric-power device H+ and e- reach the cathode, atmosphere oxygen (O2) is forced into the cathode by a compressor. - Pt catalyst in the cathode split the oxygen molecule in to 2 oxygen atoms. 5.O- & H+ bond to from H2O and small amount of heat - Water and Heat are exhausted into the atmosphere as only by product of the process. 3 5 1 2 4 alternativefuels.about.com/.../PEM-Fuel-Cell.htm Note: Pt is one of the world’s most precious metals. It is a barrier to reducing fuel-cell costs Pt cost $865 per ounce – twice the price of goal.

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