Psychology

1. Psychology Chapter 2 Psychological Methods

2. Bell Work • Task # 1 Ch. 2 • Read pg. 25 Vignette; put down 2 personal thoughts • Read/Write down Truth/Fiction of pg. 26 • These will be revisted throughout chapter • Hand in Redone Quizzes • Today • Bell work • Scientific research • Examples

3. Steps of Scientific Research • Forming a research Question • Most come from everyday life • Vignette Example • What do fighting fish placed together do to each other? • Form a hypothesis • Hypothesis: an educated guess based on research question; can be tested • Vignette Example: • That the fighting fish (b/c of name or sales guy) would fight

4. Steps of Scientific Research • Test the Hypothesis • Hypothesis cannot be considered correct until it has been tested • How did the guys test their hypothesis? • By placing mirror up to tank • What could be another way? • By placing two fighting fish in the tank together

5. Steps of Scientific Research • Analyze the Results • Attempts to determine what their findings mean? • Vignette Example? • Todd interpreted the fish’s actions as aggression • Draw a conclusion • Psychologist must draw a conclusion about whether or not their question was answered and their hypothesis right/wrong • Keep an open mind, might have to adjust hypothesis. • Vignette: • Boys hypothesis was correct and sufficient b/c they deemed the action of the fish to be aggressive

6. Conclusion • Two extra things need to be done to make the question/hypothesis be confirmed • Replicate • Study/steps must be repeated and it must produce same results to be confirmed • What would be another way to replicate the vignette? • Put two fish together in tank

7. Conclusion • New Questions • Whether the hypothesis is supported or contradicted, new questions will emerge • Vignette example when proven? • Why do they fight, are there certain reasons, etc. • Vignette example if proven wrong? • Would they fight a real fish? • If not, why are they called fighting fish • Once new questions are formed psychologists go back to what? • Forming a hypothesis!

8. Lesson Closing • Task #2 • Complete Thinking about psychology • For #3 read article in back and answer it with a partner

9. Psychology Section 2

10. Bell Work • Grab Book: • Fill out survey for me, anonymously, turn over • Write out in top of notes for today! • List/Describe the 5 steps that Scientists follow in conducting research • Why is replication of a research study important? • What are two questions the boys from the vignette could have asked had their hypothesis been proven wrong

11. Bell Work Answers • 5 Steps of Research Method • Form research question, form hypothesis, test hypothesis, analyze results, draw conclusion • Replication important? • Can confirm or un-confirm a study’s results • Two new Questions • Would the fighting fish fight a real fish? Instead of mirror? • If they don’t fight, why are they called fighting fish?

12. Surveys, Samples, Populations • Survey Method • When people are asked to respond to a series of questions about a particular subject • What could some examples of this be? • How they feel about the president • Would they support a black president? • Would they support a female vice-president? • Conducted by asking people to fill out questionnaires, and by interviewing orally

13. Calvin & Hobbs Example • Read the Comic • What does this comic suggest about Surveys? • They may elicit false information • Why might a magazine survey not produce reliable results? • Some people completing the survey might not take it seriously

14. Cooperative Learning • Tally Stats for Survey • Tally stats for oral questioning? • Compare/Contrast • Why could/did the numbers differ?

15. Populations and Samples • Researchers must consider the group or group of people they wish to examine and how that group will be selected • Target Population: • The whole group you want to study or describe • It can often be hard to interview or question every member of a target population

16. Populations and Samples • Sample: • Only a part of the target population studied, done by researchers if they can’t cover entire population. • Selecting Samples: • Must represent the target population as much as possible

17. Types of Samples • Random Sample: • All of the individuals in a population group have an equal chance of being selected. Increasing the likelihood that the sample group is representative of the population • Stratified Sample • Sub-groups in the population are represented proportionally in the sample • 12% of nation is African American; if we did a study with 100 people how many African Americans would be represented? • 12!

18. Classroom Example • How many students are in class • Male/Female • Sample group of 10 would have how many boys and how many girls? • Any combination • Stratified Sample would have what? • Representative proportion of girls/boys

19. West Point is about to try and enact a 10 pm curfew for people under the age of 18. They want to know if the act would pass. Task #3: Answer these in journal What would their Target Population be? All Voters in West Point What could a Sample of that Target be? Any # of people that vote What would be a random sample of 100? 35 women/65 male voters What would a stratified sample consist of if men outnumber women 3-2? 60% men/40% women Determining Populations/Samples Example

20. Lesson Closing • Task #4 • Read Exploring Diversity on pg. 32 • Write down 3 ways under “Think about it” • Answer 1st two of True/False statements as a class (pg.26/28)

21. Bell Work • Read pg. 33 and 34 up to Thinking about psychology • Task #5 • Answer Thinking about Psych in folders

22. Generalizing Results • Because taking perfect sample groups may be impractical or impossible, researchers may not use them all the time • In this case it is important that they are cautious about generalizing their findings to groups other than those from which their samples were drawn.

23. Generalizing Results • Generalizing • Means to make vague or indefinite statements about an entire group, when should be particular • Examples: Study over car preferences: Sample made up of only men should be avoided b/c why? • Men may have different preferences than women for cars.

24. Volunteer Bias • B/C researchers have little control over who actually fills out their questionnaire. • Psychologists must take into account who is actually participating • Volunteer Bias • Idea that the people who volunteer to participate in the studies are often different than the people who don’t. • Read Magazine example from bottom of 33-34

25. M & M Activity; vol.4 pg.68 • Separate and only take your journal! • Record everything in your journal under Task #5

26. Survey Project: Results (25 points) • Find a partner, group of 3 if ok’d • Create a simple survey about something around the school you are interested in • Administer the survey throughout the rest of the day, and we will report our findings tomorrow (make sure appropriate) • No more than 10 no less than 5 questions • Identify your target population. • Identify if stratified or random sample • Any Problems • Turn in Draft for copying 2morro.

27. Friday • 1st Twenty Minutes • Work on developing a good survey to hand out to students to complete • Have completed (pref. typed) by MON. and I’ll make copies for you to hand out • 2nd half of class • Good Will Hunting

28. Methods of Observation Ch. 2 Section 3

29. Bell Work: Grab charts/folders/books • What are two different ways by which surveys are conducted? • Written Questionnaires and orally (questions) • Explain importance of random and stratified sampling • Random= everyone is target population has an equal chance of being included • Stratified= respondents randomly selected to represent their proportion w/in the target population • Example of Survey • Indiv.’s who volunteered to participate in a study of depression could be more likely to have a personal or professional interest, whereas random selecting might not.

30. Group Activity: vol. 4 pg.53 • 2 Volunteers • Quickly • Purpose of Activity • To show some of the difficulties observation methods can have! • What is a fidget? • How did you record your data observers? • How was your vision? • You guys knew you were being observed! Did that make a difference?

31. Methods of Observation • Everyone observes behavior and makes generalizations. But to draw scientific conclusions, psychologists follow carefully structured methods of observation • 6 main types • Create a chart separated into 4 columns across the top • Research method, Description, adv.’s, disadv.’s

32. Testing Method • Differing Types, used to measure elements of human behavior like abilities, interests, and personality • Advantages: • Helps to gain insight to certain aspects of persons abilities or behaviors • Disadvantages: • Doesn’t always provide complete representation of person’s ability or personality

33. Case-Study • Conduct in-depth investigations of people or small groups • Advantages: • Helps to give insight into specific cases • Disadvantages • May focus on isolated events • Interviewed may distort answers

34. Longitudal Method • Group of participants are observed at intervals over an extended period of time • Advantages • Helps researchers see how people change over time • Disadvantages • Time-consuming and expensive

35. Cross-Sectional • Researchers compare the differences/similarities among people in different age groups at a given time • Advantages • Less time-consuming for studying changes over time • Disadvantages • Differences b/t the members of the sample can’t always be attributed to age/development

36. Naturalistic-Observation • Observe behavior of people/animals in natural habitat • Advantages • Helps researchers see behavior in real settings • Disadvantages • No control over the setting or events

37. Laboratory-Observation • Participants are observed in a lab setting • Advantages • Researchers can control certain settings/aspects • Disadvantages • Can’t duplicate real-life environment

38. Analyzing Observations • Once Psychologists have made their observations, they must do what? • Analyze and interpret them. • Correlation = one method • Measure of how closely one thing is related to another. • Psychology Example • Are people w/ a stronger need for achievement more likely to advance faster in jobs • What is relationships b.t. grades earned by students and extra-curricular activities

39. Correlation • Positive Correlation • A relationship b.t. variables in which one variable increases as the other also increases • Example: • Higher need for achievement and job advancement • Negative Correlation • An unpleasant stimulus b.t. two variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases • Example: • Stress and health; as stress goes up, health goes down

40. Limit of Correlation • Can only describe relationships • Cannot explain cause and effect • Grades/Extra-Curricular involvement • Study finds that there is a positive correlation b.t. the two meaning? • As one goes up, so does the other • Does this mean one causes the other; vice versa? • No, but there could be other factors like their desire to succeed.

41. Lesson Closing • Task #6: • Complete thinking about Psych on page 40

42. Bell Work • Get books, folders, unit review • Go over answers to Task #6 • Leave Candy on Desk • Hand in surveys to be copied! • Complete survey hand outs by Friday! • Have results by Friday! Extra credit if you interpret the results too!

43. Group Activity • 4 Volunteers • Two male; 2 female to leave room • Observation • Purpose of 1st Activity • Everyone observes behavior and makes generalizations. But to draw scientific conclusions, psychologists follow carefully structured methods of observation • Purpose of 2nd Activity? • To Demonstrate the 5 goals of psychology!!

44. Experimental Method: Vocab • Population: • anyone that could possibly be selected to be in the sample • Hypothesis: • Testable prediction that expresses relationship between two variables • Validity: • Extent to which a test/experiment measures/predicts what it is supposed to • Participants: • Individuals selected to be in study

45. Experimental Method • Independent Variable: • Variable that is manipulated (changed): the thing that causes the change!! • Dependant Variable: • Depends on the indep. Variable • Where the Change/action is measured • Control Group • In experiment is the group where indep. Variable is not manipulated • Experimental Group • Group in experiment where manipulated

46. Example: Task #7 • Hypothesis: Women who consume more than 4 alcoholic drinks are more likely to be a victim of date rape • Setting: Real Setting • Exp. Group: • Women consuming more than 4 alcoholic drinks • Control Group: • No drinking: given non-alcoholic drinks • Independent Variable: • Amount of Alcohol • Dependant Variable: • Likelihood they are more susceptible to date rape

47. Quick Activity • Leave Candy on Desk until instructed!

48. Class Example • Hypothesis: • That people knowing their candy will be removed prior will react more positive than unknowing participants • Indep. Variable • Candy • Dependent Variable • Reaction • Control Group • Group that knows prior • Experimental Group • Unknowing group

49. Lesson Closing • Complete some of Chapter 2 Review on page 49 • Task #8 (review 1-10 T/C, 1-4 C/T) • Quiz on Friday • Unit Test (1 and 2) next Tuesday!!!!

50. Bell Work Sept. 16 • Task #9 leave room to finish #8 • Come up with a personal experiment that you could conduct around your home or school • Identify the hyp., ind/dep variables, as well as population and sample • Extra points if you actually do it!