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Radioactive Isotope

Radioactive Isotope. Isotope which is unstable. It emits radiation & changes into another kind of atom. Transmutation Reaction. When one kind of nucleus changes into another kind of nucleus. Relationship between stability and energy. As stability , energy . Stability.

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Radioactive Isotope

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  1. Radioactive Isotope Isotope which is unstable. It emits radiation & changes into another kind of atom.

  2. Transmutation Reaction When one kind of nucleus changes into another kind of nucleus.

  3. Relationship between stability and energy As stability , energy .

  4. Stability Depends on neutron to proton ratio.

  5. Which elements are unstable? All the elements with atomic number > 83 (or beyond Bismuth)

  6. Types of Radiation Alpha, Beta, Gamma Separated by electric or magnetic fields.

  7. Least penetration power Alpha radiation. Shielding can be paper or cloth.

  8. Most penetration power Gamma radiation. Requires lead/concrete shielding.

  9. 2He or 2 Symbol for alpha radiation 4 4

  10. 2He or 2 Same as the nucleus of a helium atom 4 4

  11. 2He or 2 Mass = 4 amu Charge = +2 4 4

  12. -1e or -1 or - or  Symbol for beta particle 0 0

  13. -1e or -1 or - or  Fast moving electron originating from nucleus 0 0

  14. -1e or -1 or - or  Mass = “zero” Charge = -1 0 0

  15. +1e or +1 or + Symbol for positron. 0 0

  16. +1e or +1 or + Mass = “zero.” Charge = +1. Positive electron 0 0

  17. 0 or  Symbol for gamma radiation. 0

  18. 0 or  0 mass 0 charge 0

  19. 0n or n Symbol for neutron 1

  20. 1H or 1p Symbol for proton 1 1

  21. Alpha Decay Unstable nucleus emits an alpha particle. Atomic #  by 2. Mass #  by 4.

  22. 220Fr  4 + 216At Unstable nucleus emits an alpha particle. Atomic #  by 2. Mass #  by 4. 2 85 87

  23. 220Fr  4 + 216At Equation represents natural transmutation. 1 term on reactant side. 2 85 87

  24. 220Fr  4 + 216At 220 = 4 + 216 Balance nuclear equations using conservation of atomic number & conservation of mass number. 2 85 87 2 + 85 87 =

  25. # of Half-Lives Elapsed time Length of H.L.

  26. Half-Life Map

  27. Decay Mode Same as type of particle emitted

  28. Average Atomic Mass Weighted average of the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes.

  29. Artificial Transmutation Particle “bullet” hits target nucleus & new isotope is produced. 2 terms on reactant side.

  30. Artificial Transmutation target bullet 32S + 1n  32P + 1H 1 16 0 15

  31. Artificial Transmutation Particle “bullet” may be proton or alpha particle. To react with a nucleus, must overcome + + repulsive forces by accelerating bullet to high speeds. Particle “bullet” may be a neutron. Neutrons have no charge, so no repulsive forces to overcome. No acceleration necessary.

  32. Fission Fission is division. Large nucleus (U-235 or Pu-239) is split into 2 medium sized nuclei by a neutron bullet. Excess neutrons & a great deal of energy are also produced.

  33. 239Pu + 1n  90Sr + 147Ba + 3 1n Fission 94 0 38 56 0

  34. Fusion Fusion: U for unite and U for sun. Very small nuclei (H & He) are jammed together. Huge amounts of energy are released.

  35. 1H + 2H  3He Fusion 1 1 2

  36. fission 0 92 56 36 0 Artificial transmutation 27 0 27 Identify each of the rxns fusion 1 2 2 +1 Natural transmutation 6 7 -1 1n + 235U  142Ba + 91Kr + 3 1n + energy 59Co + 1n  60Co 3He + 1H  4He + 0e 14C  14N + 0e

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