Week 5 Instructor: Liu Hongyong

1. English LexicologyMorphological Processes (I): Derivation and Conversion Week 5 Instructor: Liu Hongyong

2. Review: Classification of Morphemes • A morpheme is the most elemental unit of a form-meaning pair. • Derivational morphemes are used to create new lexical items (lexemes). • Inflectional morphemes only contribute to the inflectional paradigm of the lexemes, which lists all the word-forms of the lexeme. Free (自由) free root (自由词根) morpheme bound root (粘着词根) (-ceive, -mit, -fer) Bound (粘着) inflectional affixes (语法性后缀) (-ing, -er, -s, -est, -er, -’s, -ed) affixes derivational affixes (词汇性后缀) (pre-, un-, re-, -ly, -ist, -ment)

3. Morphology (形态学) • Morphology is the study of • the internal structure of words (morphological structure of words) & • processes of word formation (morphological processes of word-formation)

4. Morphological Structure of words: Root, stem & affix nature + al = natural Affixes: bound morphemes which attach to roots or stems. un + nature + al = unnatural Stem: a root plus affixes Root: the basic morpheme which provides the central meaning in a word Complex Word simple word unnatural naturalistic natural naturalist naturalism nature

5. Base nature + al = natural Linguists sometimes use the word “Base” to mean any root or stem to which an affix is attached. In this example, nature, natural, and unnatural would all be considered bases. un + nature + al = unnatural un + nature + al + ly = unnaturally

6. complex word . . . . Stem/base affix Stem/base affix Root/base affix nature -al -ist

7. Morphological Structure: Root & Stem • When a root morpheme is combined with an affix, it forms a stem, which may or may not be a word (painter is both a word and a stem). • painter+s=painters (painter is a stem) Base? paint & painter

8. Internal structure of a word The internal structure of a word is hierarchical rather than flat. unbelievable un+believe+able *[[un+believe] +able] [un + [believe +able]]

9. Morphological Complexity This tree shows the internal morphological structure of the word regionalize: region+al+ize [[[region] al] ize] regionalizeV regionalA izeV regionN alA

10. Morphological Complexity • This tree represents the application of two morphological rules: • re+VV • 2. V+ationN reunification reunificationN reunifyV ationN re unifyV

11. Word structure: which is correct? • Prefix un- can mean ‘to do the reverse of’ and combine with a verb to form a new verb. unloadableA unloadV ableA un loadV unloadableA un loadableA loadVableA • un+VV • V+ableA • V+ableA • un+AA

12. Morphological Analysis • Look at the following data from Paku, which was invented by a linguist for an old 1970s TV series called Land of the Lost. This was the language used by the monkey people called Pakuni. Suppose you found yourself in this strange land and attempted to find out what the morphemes of Paku were.

13. Paku Data Analysis

14. Answer • By examining these words you find that the plural forms end in –in, and the singular forms do not. You therefore conclude that –ni is a separate morpheme meaning “plural” that is attached as a suffix to a noun. Plural morpheme: -ni

15. Major word-formation processes • Affixation (Derivation) • Conversion • Compounding • Endocentric compounds • Exocentric compounds Derivational affixes can create new words (lexemes), but inflectional affixes can only produce different word forms of the same lexeme. Therefore, inflection is not a word-formation process.

16. Affixation • Affixation involves adding affixes to a root morpheme (or a stem) to - derive a new word (derivation: teach-er) - to realize certain grammatical function (inflection: boy-s) • An affix is a bound morpheme. There are four types of affixes: prefix, suffix,infix, and circumfix.

17. Prefix

18. Suffix

19. Infix

20. Circumfix • In some cases, a prefix and a suffix act together to surround a base. The two realize a single morpheme, and they are classed together as a circumfix. Data from German film.en ‘to film’ ge.film.t ‘filmed’ frag.en ‘to ask’ ge.frag.t ‘asked’ The circumfix ge…tis taken to be a single affix, and it is a discontinuous morph.

21. Sum up: Inflection & Derivation • Inflection is a process which combines words and affixes (always suffixes in English) to produce different word forms of the same lexeme. e.g. talk-talked, cat-cats • Derivation is a lexical process which actually forms a new word out of an existing one by the addition of a derivational affix. e.g. kind-kindly, kind-kindness

22. The Lexicon: An analogy root derivational affix idiom functional affix

23. Inflection and Derivation Compounding Inflection Derivation

24. Inflection and Derivation • Sum up, inflection is a process which produces different word forms of the same lexeme; whereas derivation creates new words (lexemes). Therefore, inflection is not a word-formation process. • Both inflection and derivation occur in the lexicon. Therefore, both of them are morphological processes.

25. Inflection and Derivation • If derivation and inflection co-occurs, derivations are inner, closer to the stem, and inflections are outer, furthest from the stem. payment-s pays-ment

26. Types of derivational affixes • Derivational affixes are of two kinds: word-class changing and word-class maintaining. • Nominalizers are used to from nouns • Verbalizers are used to form verbs • Adjectivizers are used to form adjectives • Adverbializers are used to form adverbs

27. Morphological Rule: V+ageN A+yN Nominalizer

28. Morphological Rule: N+enV A+enV Verbalizer

29. Morphological Rule: N+alA V+ableA Adjectivizer

30. Morphological Rule: A+lyAdv N+wardAdv Adverbializer

31. Word-class maintaining derivational affixes

32. Conversion • Conversion is also referred to as Zero Derivation. • It is a process that can transfer a word belonging to one word class to another word class without any change of form, either in pronunciation or spelling. The head of the village has arrived. She headed that school.

33. Conversion It can be assumed that zero morphs are used as affixes in derivational morphology as well. For instance, the verb ‘head’ may be said to have derived by suffixing a zero morph to the noun ‘head’. This is done by analogy to the derivation of a verb like ‘victim-ise’. V V N V N V victim -ise headØ

34. Conversion • The head of the village has arrived. • She headed that school. Head: –n. Occurred around 1150; developed from Old English, e.g. ‘heafod top of the body’ (about 725). –v. Appeared around 1230; from the noun. (Adopted from The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology)

35. Conversion • Major kinds of conversion • NounVerb • VerbNoun • AdjectiveNoun • AdjectiveVerb

36. NounVerb • to bottle one’s emotion • to book a ticket • to xerox a book • to finger the soft silk • to mother the orphan • to cash a cheque • to tailor one’s remarks

37. VerbNoun • doubt; need; surprise; desire; guess; answer • to give a call/a hug/a smile/a cry; • to have a swim/a look/a try/a drink;

38. AdjectiveVerb • to better the situation • to dirty one’s reputation • to dry the clothes • to clean the table • to empty the room • to wrong somebody

39. AdjectiveNoun These converted nouns do not take plural and genitive inflections, nor can they be preceded by determiners like a, this, my, etc. • Partial conversion the poor; the wounded; the old; the young; the rich • Complete conversion native: a native; two natives; the native’s language He is a progressive. Tom is one of our regulars (regular customers).