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Biological Anthropology

Biological Anthropology. On Cells, Cell Division, Karyotypes, and DNA. Cell Theory. A set of explanatory principles used to understand cells Cells are the smallest unit of life Consist of smaller (non-alive) parts: organelles. A Cell. Two Types of Cells. Somatic cells

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Biological Anthropology

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  1. Biological Anthropology On Cells, Cell Division, Karyotypes, and DNA

  2. Cell Theory • A set of explanatory principles used to understand cells • Cells are the smallest unit of life • Consist of smaller (non-alive) parts: organelles

  3. A Cell

  4. Two Types of Cells Somatic cells • The vast majority of cells in our bodies • Reproduce through mitosis Sex Cells (gametes) • Only found in ovaries and testes • Reproduce through meiosis

  5. Two Types of Cell Division Mitosis • Occurs in somatic cells • Produces 2 daughter cells • Genetically identical • diploid Meiosis • Occurs in sex cells (gametes) • Produces 4 daughter cells • Genetically unique • haploid

  6. Mitosis • Asexual reproduction • Occurs in somatic cells • Produces 2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells

  7. Meiosis • Occurs in sex cells (gametes) • Produces 4 daughter cells • Genetically unique • haploid

  8. Crossing-Over 6 5 # of fingers 6 5 cerumen wet dry dry wet A O ABO group A O

  9. Cell Division Mitosis Meiosis

  10. Karyotype • Species-specific set of chromosomes • Differs from species to species in terms of • The number of chromosomes • The sequences of genes contained in the chromosomes

  11. Human karyotype • 46 chromosomes • Arranged in 23 pairs • 1 set from each parent

  12. Human karyotype • Autosomes • Pairs 1-22 • Are homologous • same length • same sequence of genes (may be different alleles)

  13. Human karyotype • Sex chromosomes • Pair 23 • X & Y X longer than Y • XX – homologous • XY – partially homologous

  14. So what’s in a chromosome?

  15. Let’s take a look!

  16. A chromosome contains genes

  17. and genes contain…Deoxyribonucleic Acid • Present in all living organisms • Amount varies from organism to organism • Species can read each others’ DNA

  18. DNA • Sugar-phosphate backbone” • Bases are “rungs” adenine = thymine cytosine = guanine

  19. Genome the total DNA/genes of a species • Homo sapiens • app. 3,000,000,000 DNA bases • 35,000 – 40,000 genes • Honeybee – 300,000,000 DNA bases • Fruit fly – 13,600 genes • Bacteria – a few hundred to a few thousand genes

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