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Thursday 7 th October 2010 Leeds Low Emission Vehicle Exhibition and Conference Vehicle Emission Monitoring and Modelli

Thursday 7 th October 2010 Leeds Low Emission Vehicle Exhibition and Conference Vehicle Emission Monitoring and Modelling. Dr James Tate Lecturer (50% Research) j.e.tate@its.leeds.ac.uk.

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Thursday 7 th October 2010 Leeds Low Emission Vehicle Exhibition and Conference Vehicle Emission Monitoring and Modelli

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  1. Thursday 7th October 2010Leeds Low Emission Vehicle Exhibition and ConferenceVehicle Emission Monitoring and Modelling Dr James Tate Lecturer (50% Research) j.e.tate@its.leeds.ac.uk

  2. Thursday 7th October 2010Leeds Low Emission Vehicle Exhibition and ConferenceBETTER UNDERSTANDING Vehicle Emissions ON THE ROAD:- Why local air pollution is still a concern- The benefits of hybrid cars Dr James Tate Lecturer (50% Research) j.e.tate@its.leeds.ac.uk

  3. CONTENTS [1] ASSESSING VEHICLE EMISSIONS: A new approach • The on road measurement & categorisation of vehicles & emissions • Vehicle emission standards & the traditional lab. testing approach [2] RESULTS: Trends in UK passenger car on road emissions • The on road fleet • Emission characteristics • Implications for Low Emission Strategies [3] OUTLOOK • A rapidly changing vehicle fleet • Future extensions

  4. [1a] ON ROAD VEHICLE EMISSIONS:A remote sensing approach Halifax, Calderdale MBC, October 2009

  5. [1a] ON ROAD VEHICLE EMISSIONS:A remote sensing approach Sowerby Bridge, Calderdale MBC, July 2010

  6. [1a] ON ROAD VEHICLE EMISSIONS:A remote sensing approach Sowerby Bridge, Calderdale MBC, Also July 2010….

  7. [1a] ON ROAD VEHICLE EMISSIONS:A remote sensing approach Emission measurements: CO/CO2, NO/CO2, HC/CO2 & a Particle measure from peak exhaust plume conc. • Vehicle Fleet: • Classification from number plate (ANPR) • Detailed registration information (DVLA) • Collaboration with www.smmt.co.uk

  8. [1b] VEHICLE EMISSIONS Laboratory testing Fig. Chassis dynamometer and exhaust analysing equipment Technical University of Graz (Austria): • Light-duty • Heavy-duty Engine & Chassis dynos.

  9. [1b] VEHICLE EMISSIONS: Vehicle operation in the laboratory Fig. Speed profile used for type approval purposes (New EU Drive-Cycle) • Fig. Real-world driving: The Common ARTEMIS Drive Cycle (Andre, 2004).

  10. [1b] VEHICLE EMISSION STANDARDS Passenger cars Latest EU directive for Euro 5 and 6 - 2007/715/EC NOX PM

  11. [1b] ON ROAD VEHICLE EMISSIONS:NOX Emissions from Euro 5 Commercial Vehicles Ligterink et al, 2009, On-road NOx emissions of Euro-V trucks. TNO report, 2nd December 2009

  12. [2a] RESULTS Shropshire Council Project Spring 2010 10 days monitoring (8am – 6pm) Data collection Enviro Tech plc. >18 000 records = paired emission + vehicle info. e.g. vehicle & euro category, weight, size, engine capacity, manufacturer & model, CO2 rating, etc.

  13. [2a] RESULTS Observed passenger car fleet NOTE: The recommended UK fuel split is Petrol (70%) / Diesel (30%) e.g. NAEI & EFT ver 4.2

  14. [2a] RESULTS Observed passenger car fleet

  15. [2a] RESULTS Observed passenger car fleet CO2 (grams/km): From type approval drive-cycle (NEDC)

  16. [2a] RESULTS Observed passenger car fleet

  17. [2b] RESULTS Observed passenger car fleet

  18. [2a] RESULTS Observed passenger car fleet

  19. TERMINOLOGY Oxides of Nitrogen • Nitrogen dioxide emitted directly from vehicle exhausts is termed primary NO2 (p-NO2) • The proportion of NOX emitted directly as NO2 is the primary NO2 fraction (f-NO2) • f-NO2 is usually expressed as a percentage (p-NO2/ NOX) • f-NO2 is rising as a result of: • Modern diesel exhaust after-treatment systems (particulate traps and diesel oxidation catalysts) lead to substantial increases in f-NO2 • The ‘dieselisation’ of vehicle fleets across the EU • PETROL passenger cars: f-NO2 ~ 3% (All Euro categories) • DIESEL passenger cars f-NO2 ~ • Euro 2 and earlier 11% • Euro 3 30% • Euro 4 55% • Euro 5 55% • Euro 6 55% Grice et al, 2009. Recent trends and projections of primary NO2 emissions in Europe. Atmospheric Env. 43, pp. 2154 - 2167. & HBEFA, 2010. Swiss/ German HandBook of Emission Factors (HBEFA)

  20. [2b] RESULTS Observed passenger car fleet

  21. [2b] SUMMARY RESULTS p-NO2 Trends • ASSUMPTIONS: • The 2010 passenger car fleet petrol/ diesel split and average NO2 figures, projected to new vehicles 2011- • The number of new vehicles, assumed to be equivalent to 2009 • Scrappage of older vehicles not currently considered • Note: Euro 6 Sept 2014-

  22. [2c] IMPLICATIONS Low Emission Strategies • Policies to encourage the replacement of older passenger cars with “potentially more environmentally friendly models” (www.berr.gov.uk) may exacerbate the NO2 problem • E.g. The UK Car Scrappage Scheme • Boost to the car industry • Voluntary discount scheme under which motor dealers gave motorists £2,000 or more towards a new vehicle if they traded in a car or van over 10 years old for scrap between the 21st October 2009 and the 28th of February • Number of vehicles scrapped = 400 000 • The scheme has supported replacing older passenger cars (typically petrol engines) with modern diesel passenger cars that emit more p-NO2 • For all other legislated emissions, the scheme is considered to have been beneficial

  23. [2c] IMPLICATIONS E.g. The UK Car Scrappage Scheme

  24. [3a] OUTLOOK Summary • The UK and EU vehicle fleets are in a period of transition: • Increasing fleet share of DIESEL passenger cars • DIESEL passenger cars emit more NO2 directly • Little expected reduction in the NO2 emissions from Euro 6 DIESELS (2014-) • Initial stages of growth for HYBRID and ELECTRIC vehicles • Unlike diesels vehicles, HYBRID and ELECTRIC vehicles potentially benefit the both the GLOBAL and LOCAL environment • Vehicle emission models and management policies need to better consider the composition of the on road vehicle fleet • NO2 air pollution standards are likely to continue to be exceeded 2015- • Emission standards and Legislation should be extended to: • Better represent “real-world” driving conditions • Include standards for NO2

  25. [3b] OUTLOOK Research extensions • Regional Group initiative: • West Yorkshire Transport Emissions Group • DEFRA funding 2010 - 2011 • Surveys completed in Calderdale MBC July 2010 • Surveys planned in Bradford, Kirklees, Leeds and York: 2010 – 2011 • >25 000 valid records from each Local Authority • Rich resource to better understand vehicle emissions & inform Low Emission Strategies • Future Research Priorities: • Inform the development and calibration of emission models • e.g. study the % of failed catalysts in vehicle type sub-categories • With a larger dataset, study the important Heavy-duty vehicle sub-categories

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