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LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENT. June 17, 2008. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. Physical development Intellectual/Cognitive development Moral development Social development. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY. The study of how people grow, mature and change over the life span. Basic Developmental Questions.
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LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENT June 17, 2008
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT • Physical development • Intellectual/Cognitive development • Moral development • Social development
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY • The study of how people grow, mature and change over the life span
Basic Developmental Questions Two Major Ways to Conduct Research Cross-sectional Studies People of different ages are tested and compared Longitudinal Studies The same people are tested at different times to track changes related to age
Developmental Psychology – stage theories • Occur in chronological order • Represent particular type of thinking/view of the world • Progress one stage at a time - “NO JUMPING” • One stage builds on the other • Development is abrupt qualitative not quantitative • Universally, same sequence
DEVELOPMENTALPSYCHOLOGISTS • Jean Piaget – Cognitive Development • Lawrence Kohlberg – Development of Moral Reasoning • Erik Erikson – Personal Identity Development • Robert Kegan – The Evolving Self
The Infant and Growing ChildCognitive DevelopmentPiaget’s Theory • Schemas • In Piaget’s theory, mental representations of the world that guide the processes of assimilation and accommodation • Assimilation • The process of incorporating and, if necessary, changing new information to fit existing schemas • Accommodation • The process of modifying existing schemas in response to new information
The Infant and Growing Child Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget’s Stages of Development • Stages of Development • Each stage is qualitatively different from others • Ages for stage transitions are approximate • Sensorimotor • Preoperational • Concrete Operational • Formal Operational
SPHERES OF INFLUENCE • The social interactions we experience, assimilate and accommodate, during our various stages of development
WHAT WERE/ARE YOUR SPHERES OF INFLUENCE? • Sensory motor stage (0-2) • Preoperational Stage (2-6) • Concrete Operational Stage (7-12) • Formal Operational Stage (12- adult
AdolescenceSocial and Personal Development • Peer Influences • Adolescent relationships are intimate. • Adolescents begin to discover friendships with other-sex peers. • Conformity rises steadily with age, peaks in ninth grade, and then declines.
MORAL DEVELOPMENT – learning right from wrong • KOHLBERG’S Stage Theory of Moral Development
KOHLBERG’S STAGE THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT • Preconventional Level (2 stages) • 1. Obedience and Punishment • 2. Individualism, Instrumentalism & Exchange. • Conventional Level (2 stages) • 3. Good boy/girl • 4. Law and Order • Postconventional Level (2 stages) • 5. Social Contract • 6. Principled Conscience
Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Reasoning • Most 7-10 year olds are reasoning at the preconventional level. • Most 13-16 year olds are reasoning at the conventional level. • Few participants show reasoning indicative of the postconventional level.
DEVELOPING SOCIALLY • Key Terms • Temperament • Attachment
ATTACHMENT • STRONG EMOTIONAL TIES FORMED TO ONE OR MORE INTIMATE COMPANIONS • Need for early attachment is absolutely CRITICAL to survival
ATTACHMENT - types • Secure attachment • Resistant attachment • Avoidant attachment
TEMPERAMENT - ATTACHMENT Child’s temperament Parent’s temperament REACTIONS ATTACHMENT Contact comfort Ego boundaries, sense of self in the world, self esteem, self confidence
Stage Theories of Development: Personality • Stage theories, three components • progress through stages in order • progress through stages related to age • major discontinuities in development
ERIKSON’S FORMATION OF PERSONAL IDENTITY • Erik Erikson (1963) • Eight stages spanning the lifespan • Psychosocial crises determining balance between opposing polarities in personality
THE EVOLVING SELFRobert Kegan • Notions of the Person • Is as much an activity as a thing • Construct our own realities; meaning making creatures • Move through periods of stability and change • Have two great yearnings that exist in a life long tension; to be included and to be independent
THE EVOLVING SELFRobert Kegan • Notions about development • Evolutionary motion • Focuses on changes in way people differentiate between their sense of self and their environment – BOUNDARY ISSUES • Life long process of differentiation and integration • Movement to make meaning, resolve discrepancies, preserve and enhance personal integrity • Movement out of embeddedness
THE EVOLVING SELFRobert Kegan • Notions about development (cont’d) • Driven by responding to complex world – encountering and resolving disequilibrium • Each stage is a theory of the previous stage • Includes moving back and forth between inclusion and independence • We revisit issues but on new levels of complexity
THE EVOLVING SELFRobert Kegan • Spiral model of development • Incorporative Self – Stage 0, ending around age 2 • Self is: Reflexes (seeing and moving) • Self has: No separable objects to have • Impulsive Self - Stage 1, ending age 5 -7 • Self is: Impulses and perceptions • Self has: Reflexes • Imperial Self – Stage 2, ending between 12-16 • Self is: Needs, interests, wishes • Self has: Impulses and perceptions
THE EVOLVING SELFRobert Kegan • Spiral model of development • Interpersonal Self – Stage 3 • Self is: interpersonal, mutual with other people • Self has: Needs, interests and wishes • Institutional Self – Stage 4 • Self is: Identity, “psychic administration”, ideology • Self has: Relationships with others • Interindividual Self – Stage 5 • Self is: A weaving of personal systems • Self has: Identity, psychic administration, ideology
RECAP/REVIEW • Stage Theories of Development • Piaget – Cognitive Development • Kohlberg – Moral Development • Erikson – Theories of Personal • Kegan - Development/Social Development