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The Development of Large-area Picosecond-resolution Detectors

The Development of Large-area Picosecond-resolution Detectors. Henry J. Frisch Enrico Fermi Institute and Argonne Natl. Lab. OUTLINE. SOME APPLICATIONS – sub-ps to 100 ps; 25cm 2 to 10,000 m 2 CHALLENGE: CAN WE GET FROM 100 PS TO 1 PS? PRESENT STATUS APPLICATIONS REVISITED

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The Development of Large-area Picosecond-resolution Detectors

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  1. The Development of Large-area Picosecond-resolution Detectors Henry J. Frisch Enrico Fermi Institute and Argonne Natl. Lab. OUTLINE • SOME APPLICATIONS – sub-ps to 100 ps; 25cm2 to 10,000 m2 • CHALLENGE: CAN WE GET FROM 100 PS TO 1 PS? • PRESENT STATUS • APPLICATIONS REVISITED • QUESTION TO AUDIENCE- WOULD sT=1ps and sS=<1 mm BE USEFUL TO YOU? Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  2. Fast Timing and TOF in HEP Henry Frisch Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago Long-standing motivation- understanding the basic forces and particles of nature- hopefully reflecting underlying symmetries CDF-1979 to present Discoveries: Top quark B_s Mixing Measurements: Many many many- and many more not done yet Not light compared to Atlas and CMS ( 5000 tons) Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  3. Application 1 (my initial motivation) Fast Timing and TOF in HEP 1.We (you, we_all) spend big bucks/year measuring the 3-momenta of hadrons, but can’t follow the flavor-flow of quarks,the primaryobjects that are colliding. Principle: measure ALL the information. 2. Quarks are distinguished by different masses- up and down are light (MeV), strange a few 100 MeV, charm 1.7 GeV, bottom 4.5 GeV, top 170. 3. To follow the quarks- 2 direct ways- lifetime (charm,bottom), measuring the mass (strange). 4. To measure the mass, measure p and v: (v=L/dt) Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  4. The unexplained structure of basic building blocks-e.g. quarks The up and down quarks are light (few MeV), but one can trace the others by measuring the mass of the particles containing them. Different models of the forces and symmetries predict different processes that are distinguishable by identifying the quarks. Hence my own interest. Q=2/3 M~2 MeV M=1750 MeV M=175,000 MeV M=300 MeV M=4,500 MeV Q=-1/3 M~2 MeV Nico Berry (nicoberry.com)

  5. Fast Timing and TOF in HEP • I believe that the existence of ‘flavor’- up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top is essential, in the sense that if we can’t understand it in a deeper way, we’re in the grip of initial conditions rather than fundamental symmetries or principles. • Really a deep divide between the string landscape community, who are stuck with 10500 equally possible universes, and us, who have this one characterized by small integers and interesting patterns. (Aside- This latter, I believe, is the future area for Fermilab). Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  6. T-Tbar -> W+bW-bbar W->charm sbar Measure transit time here (stop) A real CDF Top Quark Event B-quark T-quark->W+bquark T-quark->W+bquark B-quark Fit t0 (start) from all tracks Cal. Energy From electron W->electron+neutrino Can we follow the color flow through kaons, cham, bottom? TOF!

  7. Application 1- Collider Detector UpgradeCharged Particle ID • E.g- Tevatron 3rd-generation detector (combine D0 and CDF hardcore groups); ATLAS Upgrade (true upgrade) • One example- precision measurements of the top and W masses Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  8. MW-Mtop Plane MW= 80.398 \pm 0.025 GeV (inc. new CDF 200pb-1) MTop = 170.9 \pm 1.8 GeV (March 2007)

  9. Application 1- Collider Detector Upgrades Take a systematics-dominated measurement: e.g. the W mass. Dec 1994 (12 yrs ago)- `Here Be Dragons’ Slide: remarkable how precise one can do at the Tevatron (MW,Mtop, Bs mixing, …)- but has taken a long time- like any other precision measurements requires a learning process of techniques, details, detector upgrades…. Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  10. Precision Measurement of the Top Mass TDR • Aspen Conference Annual Values • (Doug Glenzinski Summary Talk) • Jan-05: Mt = +/- 4.3 GeV • Jan-06: Mt = +/- 2.9 GeV • Jan-07: Mt = +/- 2.1 GeV Note we are doing almost 1/root-L even now Setting JES with MW puts us significantly ahead of the projection based on Run I in the Technical Design Report (TDR). Systematics are measurable with more data (at some level- but W and Z are bright standard candles.)

  11. Application 1a- Collider Detector UpgradePhoton Vertexing Real data- 3 events in one beam crossing: 2 events at same place; 2 at same time Can distinguish in the 2D space-time plane

  12. Application 2: Fixed-target GeometriesParticle ID and Photon Vertexing Geometry is planar- i.e. the event is projected onto a detection plane. Timing gives the path length from the point on the plane to the interaction.New information for vertexing, reconstruction of p0 ‘s from 2 photons, direction of long-lived particles. Very thin in ‘z’direction,unlike Cherenkovcounters. Can give a space-pointwith all 3 coordinates- x,y and z * Key new information- gives ‘tomographic’ capability to a plane Thin Pb Converter

  13. Application 3- Neutrino Physics • Example- DUSEL detector with 100% coverage and 3D photon vertex reconstruction. • Need >10,000 square meters (!) (100 ps resolution) Constantinos Melachrinos (Cypress) (idea of Howard Nicholson) Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  14. Application 4- Medical Imaging (PET) Advantages: Factor of 10 cheaper (?); depth of interaction measurement; 375 ps resolution (H. Kim, UC) Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  15. Application 5- Nuclear Non-proliferation Haven’t thought about this yet- looking for interested ANL folks. But: • MCP’s loaded with Boron or Gadolinium are used as neutron detectors with good gamma separation (Nova Scientific). • Large-area means could scan trucks, containers • Time resolution corresponds to space resolution out of the detector plane IF one has a t_0 An area for possible applications- needs thought Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  16. Typical path lengths for light and electrons are set by physicaldimensions of the light collection and amplifying device. Why has 100 psec been the # for 60 yrs? These are now on the order of an inch. One inch is 100 psec. That’s what we measure- no surprise! (pictures from T. Credo) Typical Light Source (With Bounces) Typical Detection Device (With Long Path Lengths) Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  17. Characteristics we need • Small feature size << 300 microns • Homogeneity (ability to make uniform large-area- think solar-panels, floor tiles) • Fast rise-time and/or constant signal shape • Lifetime (rad hard in some cases) • Intrinsic low cost: application specific (low-cost materials and simple batch fabrication) Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  18. Our Detector Development- 3 Prongs Readout: Transmission lines+waveform sampling Anode is a 50-ohm stripline- can be long; readout 2 ends CMOS sampling onto capacitors- fast, cheap, low-power Sampling ASICs demonstrated and widely used Go from .25micron to .13micron; 8ch/chip to 32/chip Simulations predict 2-3 ps resolution with present rise times, ~1 with faster MCP MCP development Use Atomic Layer Deposition for emissive materials (amplification); passive substrates Simulation of EVERYTHING as basis for design Modern computing tools plus some amazing people allow simulation of things- validate with data. Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  19. Performance Goals (particles) Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  20. Incoming rel. particle Custom Anode with Equal-Time Transmission Lines + Capacitative. Return Generating the signal (particles) A 2” x 2” MCP- actual thickness ~3/4” e.g. Burle (Photonis) 85022-with mods per our work Use Cherenkov light - fast Collect charge here-differential Input to 200 GHz TDC chip

  21. Micro-channel Plates Currently the glass substrate has a dual function- • To provide the geometry and electric field like the dynode chain in a PMT, and • To use an intrinsic lead-oxide layer for secondary electron emission (SEE) Micro-photograph of Burle 25 micron tube- Greg Sellberg (Fermilab)- ~2M$/m2- not including readout Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  22. Get position AND timeAnode Design and Simulation(Fukun Tang) • Transmission Line- readout both ends=> pos and time • Cover large areas with much reduced channel account. Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  23. Photonis Planicon on Transmission Line Board Couple 1024 pads to strip-lines with silver-loaded epoxy (Greg Sellberg, Fermilab). Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  24. Comparison of measurements (Ed May and Jean-Francois Genat and simulation (Fukun Tang) • Transmission Line- simulation shows 3.5GHz bandwidth- 100 psec rise (well-matched to MCP) • Measurements in Bld362 laser teststand match velocity and time/space resolution very well

  25. Scaling Performance to Large AreaAnode Simulation(Fukun Tang) • 48-inch Transmission Line- simulation shows 1.1 GHz bandwidth- still better than present electronics. Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  26. Proof of Principle • Camden Ertley results using ANL laser-test stand and commercial Burle 25-micron tube- lots of photons • (note- pore size may matter less than current path!- we can do better with ALD custom designs (transmission lines)) Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  27. Understanding the contributing factors to 6 psec resolutions with present Burle/Photonis/Ortec setups- Jerry Vavra’s Numbers • TTS: 3.8 psec (from a TTS of 27 psec) • Cos(theta)_cherenk 3.3 psec • Pad size 0.75 psec • Electronics (old Ortec) 3.4 psec Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  28. ANL Test-stand Measurements Jean-Francois Genat, Ed May, Eugene Yurtsev Sample both ends of transmission line with Photonis MCP (not optimum) 2 ps; 100 microns measured Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  29. N.B.- this is a `cartoon’- working on workable designs- Large-area Micro-Channel Plate Panel “Cartoon” Front Window and Radiator Photocathode Pump Gap Low Emissivity Material High Emissivity Material `Normal’ MCP pore material Gold Anode 50 Ohm Transmission Line Rogers PC Card Argonne APS Detectors of the Future Capacitive Pickup to Sampling Readout

  30. Incom glass capillary substrate • New technology- use Atomic Layer Deposition to `functionalize an inert substrate- cheaper, more robust, and can even stripe to make dynode structures (?) Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  31. Another pore substrate (Incom) Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  32. Front-end Electronics/Readout Waveform sampling ASIC First have to understand signal and noise in the frequency domain EFI Electronics Development Group: Jean-Francois Genat (Group Leader)

  33. Front-end Electronics/Readout Waveform sampling ASIC EFI Electronics Development Group: H. Grabas, J.F. Genat • Varner, Ritt, DeLanges, and Breton have pioneered waveform–sampling onto an array of CMOS capacitors • All these expert groups are involved (Hawaii formally)

  34. Front-end Electronics/Readout Waveform sampling ASIC Herve’ Grabas EFI Electronics Development Group: Herve’. Grabas, J.F. Genat

  35. FY-08 Funds –ChicagoAnode Design and Simulation(Fukun Tang) Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  36. Front-end Electronics • Resolution depends on 3 parameters: • Number of PE’s • Analog Bandwidth • Signal-to-Noise • Wave-form sampling does well- CMOS (!) Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  37. Front-end Electronics • Wave-form sampling does well: - esp at large Npe Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  38. Front-end Electronics-II See J-F Genat, G. Varner, F. Tang, and HF arXiv: 0810.5590v1 (Oct. 2008)- to be published in Nucl. Instr. Meth. Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  39. Plans to Implement This Have formed a collaboration to do this in 3 years. 4 National Labs, 5 Divisions at Argonne, 3 companies, electronics expertise at UC and Hawaii R&D- not for sure, but we see no show-stoppers

  40. Cartoon of a `frugal’ MCP • Put all ingredients together- flat glass case (think TV’s), capillary/ALD amplification, transmission line anodes, waveform sampling Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  41. Can dial size for occupancy, resolution- e.g. neutrinos 4’by 2’ Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  42. Passive Substrates-1 • Self-assembled material- AAO (Anodic Aluminum Oxide)- Hau Wang (MSD) Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  43. Passive Substrates-2 • Glass capillary with 40-micron pores (Incom) • inexpensive, L/D of 40:1, pores 10-40 micron • 65% to 83% open area ratio

  44. Functionalization- ALD • Jeff Elam, Thomas Prolier, Joe Libera (ESD) Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  45. Functionalization- ALD • Jeff Elam, Thomas Prolier, Joe Libera (ESD)

  46. MCP Simulation • Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov (Muons,Inc) Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  47. MCP Simulation • Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov (Muons,Inc) Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  48. MCP Simulation • Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov (Muons,Inc) Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  49. MCP Simulation • Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov (Muons,Inc) Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

  50. Status • We have submitted the proposal to DOE; it’s out to 5 reviewers (wish us luck). • We are going ahead in the meantime due to support from the Director and Mike Pellin and Harry Weerts- I’m amazed by Argonne’s strength and creativity and facilities! • We have a blog and a web page- feel free to look- http://hep.uchicago.edu/psec (don’t be bullied by the blog). • So far no show-stoppers… Argonne APS Detectors of the Future

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