Populations of predators and prey typically follow a pattern over time. Explain this pattern

1. 2. ______________ is the struggle between organisms that attempt to use the same limited resources. • Organisms that are better at competing are more likely to get and use the available resources.

2. 3. ___________ are the things that organisms obtain from their environment in order to survive. • They include _______, _______and shelter. • Some resources are limited.

3. 4. ______________ is an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism for food. • The organism that does the killing is the _________. • The organism that is eaten as food is the ___________.

4. Populations of predators and prey typically follow a pattern over time. • Explain this pattern

6. symbiosis 8. What is a close relationship between two organisms that benefits at least one of the species?

7. 9. What are the different kinds of symbiosis? Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism

8. This is a _____________situation because both organisms get something helpful from the relationship. Think about teammates. They work together and help each other to try to win a competition. both organisms benefit _____ Mutualism

9. This is a _________ situation because only one organisms get something helpful from the relationship. The other is not harmed, but it is not helped, either. one organism benefits one organism is unaffected _____ Commensalism Think about neighbors. They help each other out sometimes. They may borrow some sugar or a lawn mower. It doesn’t hurt you or help you.

10. one organism benefits one organism is harmed _____ This is a __________situation because one organism gets something helpful from the relationship, but the other one is harmed. Parasitism A parasite is basically a thief! They steal something (often blood or food) from the other organism.

11. Example 1: Moray Eel with Cleaner Fish Mutualism: both benefit Moray eel gets a clean mouth. Cleaner Fish gets a meal.

12. Example 2: Cattle with cattle egrets Cattle stir up insects as they eat grass.Egrets hang around and eat insects. Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected

13. Example 3: Tick on a dog Ticks feed on the blood of their hosts. Dog may contract diseases like Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever and become anemic or paralyzed. Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed

14. Example 4: Clown fish with anemone Clown fish gets protection. Anemone is unaffected. Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected

15. Example 5: Antelope with Oxbird Antelope gets rid of parasites. Oxbird gets a meal. Mutualism: both benefit

16. Energy • All living things need _________ to grow and to carry out their activities. • They get this from their food or directly from the Sun. • It is passed from one organism to another in an ecosystem.

17. Producers ________ are living things that can make their own food by using energy in sunlight. Plants are one kind and they make their food through photosynthesis.

18. Consumers A _________ is an organism that gets its energy by feeding on other organisms. Animals, fungi, some protists, and some bacteria

19. Herbivores • _______ are consumers that only eat plants. • They are called primary, or first level consumers.

20. Carnivores _________are consumers that eat meat. Most are predators, but some are scavengers that eat the meat of dead animals.

21. Omnivores • ________eat both plants and animals. • Humans

22. Decomposers ____________ are consumers that get energy by breaking down dead plants and animals. They return materials stored in dead plants and animals to the soil, water, and air. Then green plants use the materials to make food.

23. Food Chain A _________ ________ is a model that shows how energy flows from one organism to another.

25. Food Web • We have _________to show us more of these relationships. • _________show overlapping food chains in an ecosystem.

26. A Food Web

27. Questions • What do the arrows in a food chain or food web represent? • What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? • Where does the energy for all living things ultimately originate? • What is always the last step in a food chain or food web?

28. Energy Pyramid

30. Questions • Why would there be less energy available to move from one level to the next? • Why would an ecosystem have fewer organisms as you move up the food chain?

31. Answers • The reason there is less energy available from one level to the next is because some of the energy was used up by the organisms in the previous level to carry out life processes. Not all of the energy was stored in their bodies. In fact, only about 10% of the energy taken in at a level is passed on to the next level, while 90% is used up.

32. Answers 2. If there is less energy passed on to each level, then there is not enough energy to support a lot of organisms.

33. cells • the basic units of structure and function of all living things

34. growth • the process by which a living thing becomes larger

35. development the process of change that causes an organism to become more complex (or sophisticated) How an organism changes during its lifetime

36. photosynthesis • a process in which light energy is used to make food (glucose) by joining carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)

37. cellular respiration a process in which oxygen (O2) is combined with food (glucose) to release energy

38. fermentation a process in which cells obtain energy from glucose without oxygen

39. concentration 16. the amount of crowding

40. selectively permeable 17. when some substances can pass through the cell membrane, while other substances cannot Like screen—what cannot pass through a screen? Bugs, animals, etc.

41. diffusion 18. when particles move from an area of higher concentration (more crowded) to an area of lower concentration (less crowded) • particles are in motion constantly • they collide and spread out randomly

42. passive transport 20. a process in which materials are transported across the cell membrane without using energy (watching TV, just breathing)

43. osmosis 21. the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane Osmosis has lots of o’s & s’s, this makes me think about an SOS which is how ships (in water) called for help.

44. endocytosis 25. when the cell membrane forms a fold or a pocket called a vesicle around large particles to get them into a cell

45. exocytosis 26. when a cell removes large materials by vesicles that carry the materials to the cell membrane

46. Nucleus • “Control center of the cell” - Directs all cell activities • Usually the easiest organelle to see under a microscope

47. Nuclear Membrane • Surrounds the nucleus • Controls what goes into and out of the nucleus

48. nuclear membrane nucleus

49. Cytoplasm • Gel-like substance inside the cell • Fills the space between all the cell parts and gives the cell its shape

50. Endoplasmic Reticulum • a.k.a. “ER” • Moves materials around the cell