EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS

1. EVIDENCE-BASEDPRACTICE IN COMMUNITYCORRECTIONS We’re all on the to the Future BRIDGE

2. EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE SOME DEFINITIONS: • Evidence – Data from controlled studies • Practice – Decision, policies and procedures • Recidivism – New arrest

3. Goals for Today: • Learn about the research and find out What Works • Learn about Risk, Needs & Responsivity • Learn about Stages of Change • Learn about Motivational Interviewing • Understand changes taking place in our nation’s criminal justice system

4. WHAT THE PUBLIC WANTS • Citizens want: • punishment and treatment (Applegate, Cullen, Fisher (1997) • 1700 Californians said: • Prevention 83% • More Prisons 13% • Don’t know 5% (Fairbank, Maslin, Maullin & Assoc. 1998)

5. Directions in the Criminal Justice System • Martinson’s research “nothing works” (1974) • Carleton University research of Bonta, Andrews, Gendreau “what works” (1994) • Miller, Rollnick Motivational Interviewing (1991)

6. The Carleton University Research Showed Us . . . RECIDIVISM CAN BE REDUCED

7. What Correlates with Reduced Recidivism? • Criminal Sanctions----------- -.07 • Intensive Supervision ------- -.07 • Inappropriate Treatment--- -.06 • Unspecified Treatment------ +.13 • Appropriate Treatment------ +.30

8. The Principles That Came From the What Works Research RISK PRINCIPLE NEEDS PRINCIPLE RESPONSIVITY PRINCIPLE and “professional discretion”

9. Actuarial Assessmentsto IdentifyRisks and Needs

10. RISK PRINCIPLE 1 Match level of services to level of risk Higher Risk Offenders need MORE Lower Risk Offenders need LESS

11. Risk Level and Treatment% Recidivism STUDYRISK LEVELMINIMALINTENSIVE O’Donnell et at Low 16 22 (1971) High 78 56 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Baird et al Low 3 10 (1979) High 37 18 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Andrews & Kiessling Low 12 17 (1980) High 58 31 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Andrews & Friesen Low 12 17 (1987) High 92 25 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bonta & Wallace et al Low 14 32 (2000) High 51 31 Andrews D.A & Bonta J.

12. NEEDS PRINCIPLE 2 Match Offenders to Services That address Criminogenic Needs

13. CENTRALCRIMINOGENIC NEEDS • Anti-Social Values • Criminal Peers • Low Self Control • Criminal Personality • Dysfunctional Family • School and Work Problems • Unproductive Use of Leisure Time • Substance Abuse

14. 1-Anti-Social Values The person who doesn’t take responsibility for his/her own behavior

15. ANTI-SOCIAL THINKING CONDUCT OUTCOME VICTIM JUSTIFICATION COMPARISON LABELING MINIMIZING IGNORING MISCONSTRUING THE CONSEQUENCES DEHUMANIZING BLAMING A. Bandura

16. Not in the “mainstream” • Work • School • Family • Goals • Finances • Environment

17. 2-Criminal Peers Those who engage in illegal behavior Gang Associates Drug Users Thieves Friends who use or condone violence Friends who victimize others

18. 3-Low Self Control Behavioral difficulties in many areas Lengthy criminal history Disciplinary actions at work Fights with family or friends

19. 4- Criminal Personality AKA ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITY Or PSYCHOPATHY Callous, grandiose, irresponsible

20. HARE PSYCHOPATHY CHECK-LIST REVISED Factor One Items– Personality Style • Glibness/superficial charm • Pathological lying • Grandiose sense of self-worth • Conning/manipulative • Lack of remorse or guilt • Shallow affect • Callous/lack of empathy • Failure to accept responsibility for own actions

21. HARE PSYCHOPATHY CHECK-LIST REVISED Factor Two Items – Life Style • Need for stimulation/proneness to boredom • Parasitic lifestyle • Poor behavioral controls • Promiscuous sexual behavior • Early behavioral problems • Lack of realistic, long-term goals • Impulsivity • Irresponsibility • Many short-term marital relationships • Juvenile delinquency • Revocation of conditional release • Criminal versatility

22. 5-Dysfunctional Families Non-supportive family environment at the Present time Chaotic Neglectful or Abusive Inconsistent Substance Abusing Criminality

23. 6-School and Work Problems Lack of achievement or participation in conventional, pro-social daily activity Instability Conflict with superiors Negative peer interactions Lack of job/school satisfaction

24. 7- Leisure and Recreation Absence of constructive, pro-social activities Too much idle time No sports, hobbies, clubs, teams, church groups

25. 8-Substance Abuse More than occasional or recreational drug or alcohol use Abuse or Dependence which interferes with life

26. RESPONSIVITY PRINCIPLE 3 Match Treatment Type to Individual Characteristics of Offenders

27. RESPONSIVITY FACTORS • General population: • Gender, ethnicity, race, age, mental illness, depression, anxiety, language • Criminal Population • Poor social skills, inadequate problem solving, concrete thinking processes, poor verbal skills, learning style, motivation (Bonta, 1995)

28. What About Professional Discretion? • Decisions must be appropriate • Circumstances must be supportive • Resources must be present • Rationale’ must be given

29. Finding the Right Assessment Tool MAKE SURE. . . RELIABLE CLINICALLY USEFUL VALID USER FRIENDLY Bogue, B. (JSAT)

30. “Geneology” of Risk Assessment Tools First Generation –Gut reaction Second Generation – Single Scale Tool with Static Risk Items Third Generation – Multiple Scale Tools with Dynamic Risk Items Fourth Generation – Risk, Needs, Resonsivity and Strengths

31. “Geneology” of Risk Assessment Tools First Generation –Gut reaction Second Generation – Single Scale Tool with Static Risk Items

32. “Geneology” of Risk Assessment Tools Third Generation – Multiple Scale Tools with Dynamic Risk Items Fourth Generation – Risk, Needs, Resonsivity and Strengths

33. Popular Assessment Tools AdultJuvenile LS/CMI YLS/CMI ROPE RISK & RESILIENCY COMPAS COMPAS SPIN YASI

34. THE END RESULT TOTAL RISK SCORE CRIMINOGENIC NEED PROFILE DIRECTION FOR APPROPRIATE TREATMENT OFFENDER STRENGTHS SHARE INFORMATION WITH THE OFFENDER

35. How Good are the Instruments? 35-40% better than chance

36. HOW IT ALL BEGINS: MOTIVATED OFFENDERS

37. Stages of Change Model ENTER HERE Relapse PERMANENT EXIT Pre- contemplation Maintenance Contemplation Action Determination Prochaska & DiClemente (1986)

38. What’s Ambivalence? The feeling of “I want to” at the same time a person feels “I don’t want to”

39. Do as I say, NOW!

40. How We Move Offenders Through the Stages of Change MOTIVATONAL INTERVIEWING • Started in the USA • Looking at treatment that seemed to cause resistance • William R. Miller: Examined behavior of counselors • Direct persuasion elicits resistance • M.I.: An alternative to direct persuasion Miller and Rollnick (1991), “Motivational Interviewing”, Guilford Press.

41. A Definition ofMotivational Interviewing “A directive, client-centered counseling style for helping clients explore and resolve ambivalence about behavior change.” William R. Miller, 1991

42. Major Motivational Interviewing Skills • Open-Ended Questions • Affirmations • Reflections • Summarizations Miller and Rollnick (1991), “Motivational Interviewing”, Guilford Press.

43. Principles of Motivational Interviewing • Develop Discrepancies • Express Empathy • Avoid Argumentation • Roll with Resistance • Support Self-efficacy

44. A Change for the Criminal Justice System • Strengthens the role of the CJ Professional as an “Agent of Change” • Focuses on the offender’s long-term behavioral changes in addition to compliance issues

45. A Slightly Different Focus • Caseload Organization • Case Planning with New Objectives • Communication Styles • Referrals to Appropriate Programs • Community Involvement • Data Collection and Program Evaluation

46. Caseload Organization • Caseload size • More services for higher risk Less services for lower risk • Examine the concept of offense driven caseloads • Examine the activities traditionally required in case management

47. Case Plans that Address Risk Factors In the Past: Compliance with Ordered Conditions + In the Future: • Reduce Impulsive Behavior • Change Anti-Social Peers • Change Non-supportive Family • Add Pro-Social Leisure Time Activities • Change Anti-Social Thinking, Values, Beliefs • Identification of and Protection from Psychopaths • Eliminate Substance Abuse issues • Fix Unemployment or problem employment

48. Communication Styles • Include the Offender in the Supervision Process • Continually evaluate the Stage of Change for each criminogenic need • Encourage “change talk” • Reinforce positive behaviors

49. Maintain the Change Process Strategies for Success Learn from mistakes. Decide what to do next. Determine stage of change and start again . . Develop Discrepancy Relapse Develop skills to maintain behavior. Continue to remove barriers and support self-efficacy. Pre- contemplation Maintenance Explore ambivalence. Weigh both sides of the issue. Contemplation Action Acknowledge action. Remove barriers. Support Self-efficacy. Reinforce behaviors. Determination Remove obstacles. Identify steps to change. Make a plan, set a date. Explore options. DiClemente, Norcross, et.al.

50. Refer to AppropriateCommunity Treatment • Cognitive Behavioral • Links thoughts to behaviors • Examines beliefs, expectations • Challenges thought processes • Teaches different thinking • Teaches new skills • Rehearses new behaviors • Reinforces new behaviors • Deals with criminogenic risk factors • Sensitivity to responsivity issues • Measures results