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DNA Technology

Learn about DNA extraction, cutting, sequencing, and cloning techniques. Explore the Human Genome Project, genetic engineering, and biotechnological breakthroughs. Discover the benefits of genetic modifications for agriculture, medicine, and the environment.

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DNA Technology

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  1. DNA Technology

  2. DNA Extraction • Chemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst • The DNA is inherently sticky, and can be pulled out of the mixture • This is called “spooling” DNA

  3. “Spooled” DNA

  4. Cutting DNA • Restriction enzymescut DNA at specific sequences • Useful to divide DNA into manageable fragments

  5. Electrophoresis • DNA can be separated based on size and charge • The phosphate groups are negatively charged • DNA is placed in a gel and electricity is run through

  6. Electrophoresis • Negative DNA moves toward the positive end • Smaller fragments move farther and faster

  7. Electrophoresis

  8. Steps in DNA Sequencing • Many copies of a single strand of DNA are placed in a test tube • DNA polymerase is added • A mixture of nucleotides is added some of which have dye molecules attached • Each base (A,T,C,G) has a different color dye

  9. Steps in DNA Sequencing • By chance, some dyed nucleotides & some regular ones are added • Dye molecules are large and stop the chain from growing

  10. DNA Sequencing • The result is DNA fragments of multiple sizes with colors that can be identified

  11. DNA Sequencing • After the gel separates the resulting fragments by size, we 'read' the sequence from bottom to top.

  12. Copying DNA • Polymerase Chain Reaction • Also called PCR • A method of making many copies of a piece of DNA

  13. Steps in Copying DNA • A DNA molecule is placed in a small test tube • DNA polymerase that can work at high temps is added

  14. Steps in Copying DNA • The DNA is heated to separate the two strands • Primers, short pieces of DNA complementary to the ends of the molecule to be copied, are added

  15. Copying DNA • The tube is cooled, and DNA polymerase adds new bases to the separated strands

  16. PCR Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting sample

  17. Cloning • Clone- a member of a group of genetically identical cells • May be produced by asexual reproduction (mitosis)

  18. Cloning organisms • A body cell from one organism and an egg cell from another are fused • The resulting cell divides like a normal embryo

  19. Cloning “Dolly”

  20. Human Genome Project

  21. Human Genome Project • Started in 1990 • Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46 chromosomes) • Over 3.3 billion nucleotides • Mapping every gene location (loci) • Conducted by scientists around the world

  22. HGP Insights • Only 2% of human genome codes for proteins (exons) • Other 98% (introns) are non-coding • Only about 20,000 to 25,000 genes (expected 100,000) • Proteome – organism’s complete set of proteins • About 8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) – places where humans differ by a single nucleotide • About ½ of genome comes from transposons (pieces of DNA that move to different locations on chromosomes)

  23. Benefits of Human Genome Project • Improvements in medical prevention of disease, gene therapies, diagnosis techniques … • Production of useful protein products for use in medicine, agriculture, bioremediation and pharmaceutical industries. • Improved bioinformatics – using computers to help in DNA sequencing …

  24. Benefits of Genetic Engineering

  25. Biotechnology - • The use of gene science to create new products from plants and animals

  26. BiotechnologyProvides: • Improved food products • Medical advances • An enhanced environment

  27. Herbicide Resistant Crops • Soybeans: Roundup Ready • Corn: Roundup Ready, Liberty Link • Cotton: BXN, Roundup Ready • Canola: Liberty Link, Roundup Ready + CP4 EPSPS = Roundup gene Ready

  28. Biotechnology Breakthroughs • Insulin (1982) • First commercial biotech product • Reliable, inexpensive source of insulin • Rice • Enriched with beta-carotene and iron • Bananas • Containing edible hepatitis vaccine

  29. Biotechnology Breakthroughs • Potatoes with higher solid content • Garlic that lowers cholesterol • Fruits and vegetables that reduce risks of cancer and heart disease

  30. Environmental Benefits • Reduced pesticide use • Lower energy requirements • Cleaner water • Less soil erosion

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